Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a (co)polyester, comprising, in the presence of a catalyst, esterification of at least one monomer selected from hydroxycarboxylic acids to form oligomers, followed by polycondensation to form a (co)polymer comprising monomeric units derived from the at least one monomer, wherein the at least one monomer is selected from ?- and/or ?-hydroxycarboxylic acids; and in the process also a monohydric alcohol is added in which the hydroxy group is the only reactive functional group, in an amount of 5-150 weight % with regard to the total weight of monomers, the alcohol having a boiling point at ambient pressure of equal to or higher than 175° C. and an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of equal to or less than 12.0 and equal to or more than 7.0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the chemical production of a polyester (co)polymer starting from monomers and/or oligomers, comprising reacting a mixture of at least (a) one or more diol monomers, and (b) one or more dicarboxylic acid monomers and/or esters thereof, and/or one or more oligomers comprising monomer units of (a) and (b); wherein at least one diol monomer (a) is a secondary diol monomer; and wherein in the process also is added (c) a monohydric alcohol with a boiling point at ambient pressure of equal to or higher than 175° C. and an acid dissociation constant determined at 25° C. in water of equal to or less than 12.0 and equal to or more than 7.0, in an amount of 2.5-100 weight % with regard to the total weight of monomers and/or oligomers.

Abstract: A polymerization process for the chemical production of a polyester copolymer starting from monomers and/or oligomers may include reacting a mixture of (a) one or more secondary diols, (b) a further diol and (c) one or more dicarboxylic acids and/or esters thereof, and/or one or more oligomers comprising monomer units of (a) and/or (b) and (c); in a process comprising (trans)esterification followed by polycondensation. The process may include addition of an inert solvent (d) which does not participate as a reagent in the polymerization reaction and which has a boiling point at ambient pressure of equal to or higher than 175° C., in an amount of 2.5-100 weight % with regard to the total weight of diols and dicarboxylic acids and/or esters thereof; to generate a polyester copolymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn), as measured by gel permeation chromatography, of 15000 daltons or more.

Abstract: A polymerization process for the production of a polyester copolymer A comprising simultaneously reacting a polyester (i) with one or more diols (ii) and one or more dicarboxylic acids or any esters thereof (iii), wherein the polyester (i) is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene furanoate, a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene furanoate, or polyethylene terephthalate-co-furanoate; and wherein no terephthalic acid or ester thereof is added as a dicarboxylic acid or ester thereof (iii) if the polyester (i) is polyethylene terephthalate; and wherein the one or more diols (ii) is/are selected from primary diols selected from C3-C18 aliphatic diols; and wherein the components (i) and (ii) are used in sufficient quantities to produce a polyester copolymer A comprising at least 40 mole % of ethylene glycol derived from the starting polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene furanoate or polyethylene terephthalate-co-furanoate, and at least 5 mole %, preferably equal to or more than 10 mole %, of

Abstract: A polymerization process for the production of a polyester copolymer A comprising simultaneously reacting a polyester (i) with one or more diols (ii) and one or more (hetero) aromatic dicarboxylic acids or any esters thereof (iii), wherein the polyester (i) is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene furanoate or polyethylene terephthalate-co-furanoate; and wherein no ethylene glycol is added as a diol (ii); and wherein at least one of the one or more diols (ii) is selected from (bi) cyclic secondary diols; and wherein the components (i) and (ii) are used in sufficient quantities to produce a polyester copolymer A comprising at least 40 mole % of ethylene glycol derived from the starting polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene furanoate or polyethylene terephthalate-co-furanoate, and at least 5 mole %, of monomers derived from said (bi) cyclic secondary diol(s), the percentages based on the total amount of diol-derived monomer units in polyester copolymer A.

Abstract: A process includes the following steps: a) converting a solid material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, by: (i) hydrolyzing at least part of the hemicellulose of the solid material with a first aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a remaining solid material and a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous, first hydrolysate product solution; (ii) hydrolyzing at least part of the cellulose of the remaining solid material with a second aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a residue and a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous, second hydrolysate product solution; (b) forwarding to step (c) a, hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution comprising: a part of or the whole of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous first and/or second hydrolysate product solution of step (a); and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution to yield a product solution containing 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, and extracting the 5-

Abstract: A process for the conversion of solid lignocellulosic material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, includes (a) hydrolyzing, at a temperature equal to or less than 40° C. at least part of the hemicellulose and at least part of the cellulose of the solid lignocellulosic material with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, containing in the range from equal to or more than 40.0 wt. % to equal to or less than 51.0 wt. % hydrochloric acid, based on the combined weight amount of water and hydrochloric acid in the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution; yielding a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution; (b) separating the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution from the lignin; and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution to a temperature equal to or more than 60° C.

Abstract: A process for the production of one or more polyester copolymers, comprising the steps of: a) oligomerizing one or more, cyclic or bicyclic, diol monomers with a molar excess of one or more dicarboxylic monomers, which one or more dicarboxylic monomers comprise one or more oxalic monomers chosen from the group consisting of oxalic acid, oxalic monoesters and oxalic diesters, to yield one or more oligomers; and b) polymerizing the one or more oligomers with one or more primary diol monomers. A method for the preparation of one or more oligomers, which method comprises melt mixing one or more, cyclic or bicyclic, diol monomers with one or more oxalic monomers chosen from the group consisting of oxalic acid, oxalic monoesters and oxalic diesters, in a molar ratio of the one or more oxalic monomers to the one or more, cyclic or bicyclic, diol monomers of more than 1.1:1. An oligomer composition obtainable by such method and a polyester copolymer obtainable by such process.

Abstract: A process includes the following steps: a) converting a solid material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, by: (i) hydrolyzing at least part of the hemicellulose of the solid material with a first aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a remaining solid material and a hydrochloric acid- containing, aqueous, first hydrolysate product solution; (ii) hydrolyzing at least part of the cellulose of the remaining solid material with a second aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, yielding a residue and a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous, second hydrolysate product solution; (b) forwarding to step (c) a, hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution comprising: a part of or the whole of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous first and/or second hydrolysate product solution of step (a); and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous intermediate product solution to yield a product solution containing 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, and extracting the 5

Abstract: A process for the conversion of solid lignocellulosic material containing hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, includes (a) hydrolyzing, at a temperature equal to or less than 40° C. at least part of the hemicellulose and at least part of the cellulose of the solid lignocellulosic material with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, containing in the range from equal to or more than 40.0 wt. % to equal to or less than 51.0 wt. % hydrochloric acid, based on the combined weight amount of water and hydrochloric acid in the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution; yielding a hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution; (b) separating the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution from the lignin; and (c) heating at least part of the hydrochloric acid-containing, aqueous hydrolysate solution to a temperature equal to or more than 60° C.

Abstract: Psicose is converted into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural or an alkyl ether thereof in a process for the catalyzed conversion of psicose, including the steps of: a. forming a feed including psicose and water or at least one alkanol or a mixture thereof and b. converting the psicose in the feed at a temperature in the range of 50 to 300 degrees Celsius in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A fructoside-containing product is manufactured from a glucose-rich feedstock, in a process where glucose to fructose is isomerized by contacting the glucose-rich feedstock with a basic isomerization catalyst in an alcoholic medium at a temperature of at least 75° C., to yield a fructose-containing product; and where at least part of the fructose-containing product obtained therefrom is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to yield a fructoside-containing product.

Abstract: Psicose is converted into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural or an alkyl ether thereof in a process for the catalysed conversion of psicose, including the steps of: a. forming a feed including psicose and water or at least one alkanol or a mixture thereof and b. converting the psicose in the feed at a temperature in the range of 50 to 300 degrees Celsius in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A fructoside-containing product is manufactured from a glucose-rich feedstock, in a process where glucose to fructose is isomerized by contacting the glucose-rich feedstock with a basic isomerization catalyst in an alcoholic medium at a temperature of at least 75° C., to yield a fructose-containing product; and where at least part of the fructose-containing product obtained therefrom is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to yield a fructoside-containing product.

Abstract: A carbohydrate-containing feedstock is converted in a process by contacting the feedstock in a first step with an alcohol in the presence of a first acid catalyst at a temperature below 100° C. to yield an intermediate product, and contacting at least part of the intermediate product in a second step with an alcohol in the presence of a second acid catalyst at a temperature of at least 100° C. Products of such conversion may include hydroxymethylfurfural, hydroxymethylfurfural ethers, levulinic acid, esters thereof and furfural.

Abstract: A carbohydrate-containing feedstock is converted in a process by contacting the feedstock in a first step with an alcohol in the presence of a first acid catalyst at a temperature below 100° C. to yield an intermediate product, and contacting at least part of the intermediate product in a second step with an alcohol in the presence of a second acid catalyst at a temperature of at least 100° C. Products of such conversion may include hydroxymethylfurfural, hydroxymethylfurfural ethers, levulinic acid, esters thereof and furfural.