Abstract: A method of estimating a change of a variable over a measurement window, including the steps of taking multiple samples of the variable during the measurement window, defining a weight to be associated with each sample, the weight varying as a function of position of the sample within the measurement window, processing the samples taking account of their weight to form an estimate of the change in the variable.

Abstract: A method of estimating a change of a variable over a measurement window, comprising the steps of taking multiple samples of the variable during the measurement window, defining a weight to be associated with each sample, the weight varying as a function of position of the sample within the measurement window, processing the samples taking account of their weight to form an estimate of the change in the variable.

Abstract: A multi-stage integrator achieves a relatively high small-signal gain, broad bandwidth, and very clean transient pulse response. Only simple amplifying stages (typically including an inverting amplifier(s)) are used. A high gain amplifier is coupled between an integrator input node and amplifier output node. A broadband single stage amplifier (which may comprise or act as a transconductor), may act as a current source for the output transistor and load, coupled between the integrator input node and output node. Preferably, a capacitance is coupled from the integrator input to the amplifier output. A frequency-selective element or network steers signal components to the single stage amplifier or the integrator appropriately to produce a combined output that has the desired characteristics.

Abstract: A multi-stage integrator achieves a relatively high small-signal gain, broad bandwidth, and very clean transient pulse response. Only simple inverters are used, making the design scalable to deep sub-micron with low supply voltages, a rail-to-rail output swing, and a relatively low output impedance and useful tolerance to capacitive loading. A high gain amplifier is coupled between an integrator input node and amplifier output node. A broadband transconductor is coupled between the integrator input node and integrator output node. A resistor connects the amplifier output node and the integrator output, while a capacitor is coupled from the integrator input to the amplifier output. The conductance of the resistor (the reciprocal of the resistance, or 1/R) is selected to be substantially equal to the transconductance gm of the transconductor. A method for achieving clean transient pulse response is also described.

Abstract: The performance of a conventional op amp, having a gm stage and an integrator, is improved by placing a current mode filter between the gm stage and the integrator, which has a current gain of much less than one and is substantially without phase shift at the op amp's resonant frequency, permitting stabilization with a relatively small compensation capacitor. This improves the signal slew rate and harmonic distortion.