Abstract: Cyclohexanone and/or cyclohexanol can be ammoxidized in the liquid phase to heterocyclic compounds by contacting the cyclohexanone and/or cyclohexanol with various oxidation catalysts in the presence of molecular oxygen and ammonia.

Abstract: Catalysts containing iron, molybdenum, bismuth and nickel, cobalt, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, calcium or beryllium have been found to give especially large volumes of acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile in a given time when manganese, antimony, thorium, zirconium, yttrium or mixtures thereof are incorporated into the catalyst.

Abstract: Oxole compounds, e.g. furan, are produced by contacting alkenes and/or alkadienes with molecular oxygen in the presence of an antimony catalyst.

Abstract: Vanadium-antimony catalysts have been found to be effective for the vapor phase condensation of saturated monocarboxylic acids or esters with formaldehyde, to produce unsaturated carboxylic acids or esters.

Abstract: Certain multiply promoted Sn-Sb oxides are superior catalysts for the ammoxidation of olefins to the corresponding unsaturated nitriles, the selective oxidation of olefins to unsaturated aldehydes and acids, and the oxydehydrogenation of olefins to diolefins.

Abstract: Catalysts containing iron, molybdenum, bismuth and nickel, cobalt, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, calcium or beryllium have been found to give especially large volumes of acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile in a given time when manganese, antimony, thorium, zirconium, yttrium or mixtures thereof are incorporated into the catalyst.

Abstract: Promoted phosphate catalysts have been found to be effective for the vapor phase condensation of saturated monocarboxylic acids or esters with formaldehyde, to produce unsaturated carboxylic acids or esters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the conversion of tertiary-butyl-containing compounds to methacrylic derivatives, and more particularly to a process for the conversion of tertiary-butyl-containing compounds selected from the group consisting of alkyl tertiary-butyl ethers, tertiary-butyl alcohol, isobutylene dimer (2,2,4-trimethylpentene) and isobutylene trimer, to methacrolein, methacrylic acid or methacrylonitrile.

Abstract: The process comprises the vapor phase oxidation of lower molecular weight olefins to the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes and unsaturated carboxylic acids in the presence of a catalyst comprising the oxides of iron, bismuth, molybdenum and at least one element of the Group II elements as essential components, and optionally the oxides of phosphorus, arsenic and an alkali metal.

Abstract: Oxide complexes comprising copper-promoted antimony phosphates have been found to exhibit significant catalytic activity in various oxidation-type reactions such as the ammoxidation of propylene to produce acrylonitrile.

Abstract: Certain multiply promoted U-Sb-oxides are superior catalysts for the ammoxidation of olefins to the corresponding unsaturated nitriles, the selective oxidation of olefins to unsaturated aldehydes and acids, and the oxyde-hydrogenation of olefins to diolefins.

Abstract: Certain multiply promoted Sn-Sb oxides are superior catalysts for the ammoxidation of olefins to the corresponding unsaturated nitriles, the selective oxidation of olefins to unsaturated aldehydes and acids, and the oxydehydrogenation of olefins to diolefins.

Abstract: Molybdenum-promoted antimony phosphates also containing at least one of tellurium and bismuth have been found to exhibit significant catalytic activity in various oxidation-type reactions.

Abstract: Oxide complex catalysts comprising Fe-Sb-Bi-O.sub.x promoted with a wide variety of different elements have been found to be especially useful in the ammoxidation of olefins to nitriles such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. Not only are the desired nitriles obtained with high yields when these catalysts are used, but also the production of unwanted liquid byproducts such as acrolein, acrylic acid and acetonitrile is significantly reduced.

Abstract: Catalysts comprising the combined oxides of vanadium and at least one element selected from the group consisting of boron, niobium, tantalum, antimony, tungsten and chromium have been found to be especially effective in the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes and butadiene, or a mixture thereof with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase to yield maleic anhydride. The catalysts of the present invention may be further promoted with additional elements to enhance activity, stability and selectivity. The reaction with n-butane gives an especially pure product in good yield and selectivity.

Abstract: A multi-stage dehydrogenation process for preparing indene and substituted indenes from indene precursors more saturated than indene is described. The process comprises the steps of(a) contacting said indene precursor in a first dehydrogenation zone with a dehydrogenation catalyst at an elevated temperature to form an intermediate product,(b) advancing the product of the first dehydrogenation zone to a second dehydrogenation zone,(c) contacting said product in the second dehydrogenation zone with a second dehydrogenation catalyst at an elevated temperature, and(d) recovering indene or a substituted indene from said second zone.The process of the invention results in yields of indene which are enhanced when compared to single stage, essentially isothermal processes using a single catalyst.

Abstract: Antimony-based oxide complex catalysts are improved by adding to these catalysts an antimony-containing compound such as Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3.

Abstract: Cyclohexanone and/or cyclohexanol can be oxidized in the vapor phase to phenol by contacting the cyclohexanone and/or cyclohexanol with a suitable oxidation catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. Suitable catalysts are solids comprising Mo, W, Sb and/or V oxides or complexes thereof. The catalysts may be promoted with additional elements.

Abstract: The present invention is a homogeneous liquid phase process for the preparation of methyl-t-butyl ether by reacting isobutylene and methanol in the presence of a heteropoly acid of molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium. Other tertiary ethers may be obtained by substituting a different tertiary olefin for isobutylene, e.g. t-amyl methyl ether from 2-methylbutene-2 and methanol.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic oxidation of olefins to unsaturated aldehydes and acids and the ammoxidation of olefins to unsaturated nitriles in which the catalyst comprises a promoted, reduced, antimony oxidemolybdenum oxide-containing catalyst.