Abstract: An apparatus and technique for testing of multi-level cells (MLC) in a memory storage device using a high bandwidth data path architecture. The technique includes hardware for obtaining a first data and a second data from a multilevel cell memory. The first data is different from the second data. The first data and second data are compared and, based at least in part on this comparison, the multilevel cell memory is programmed. Programming the multilevel cell memory includes accessing memory cells in the multilevel cell memory and determining the number of bits per memory cell of the first data that need programming.

Abstract: An apparatus and technique for testing of multi-level cells (MLC) in a memory storage device using a high bandwidth data path architecture. The technique includes hardware for obtaining a first data and a second data from a multilevel cell memory. The first data is different from the second data. The first data and second data are compared and, based at least in part on this comparison, the multilevel cell memory is programmed. Programming the multilevel cell memory includes accessing memory cells in the multilevel cell memory and determining the number of bits per memory cell of the first data that need programming.

Abstract: An apparatus and technique for testing of multi-level cells (MLC) in a memory storage device using a high bandwidth data path architecture. The technique includes hardware for obtaining a first data and a second data from a multilevel cell memory. The first data is different from the second data. The first data and second data are compared and, based at least in part on this comparison, the multilevel cell memory is programmed. Programming the multilevel cell memory includes accessing memory cells in the multilevel cell memory and determining the number of bits per memory cell of the first data that need programming.

Abstract: A structure (and method) for a reflective-type liquid crystal display includes a first-type electrode, a second-type electrode positioned opposite the first-type electrode and being of an opposite type than the first-type electrode and a liquid crystal material between the first-type electrode and the second-type electrode, wherein at least one of the first-type electrode and the second-type electrode includes an amorphous layer adjacent the liquid crystal material.

Abstract: An apparatus and technique for testing of multi-level cells (MLC) in a memory storage device using a high bandwidth data path architecture. The technique includes hardware for obtaining a first data and a second data from a multilevel cell memory. The first data is different from the second data. The first data and second data are compared and, based at least in part on this comparison, the multilevel cell memory is programmed. Programming the multilevel cell memory includes accessing memory cells in the multilevel cell memory and determining the number of bits per memory cell of the first data that need programming.

Abstract: A liquid crystal element, a packaging structure providing thermal and alignment control, a display device including the same, and methods of fabrication and assembly are provided. The liquid crystal element includes: a semiconductor wafer, having microcircuitry and an array of reflective pixels; a layer of electro-optical responsive liquid crystal medium, of uniform thickness, disposed on the reflective pixels; a transparent conductive layer positioned on the liquid crystal, being substantially parallel to the reflective layers, to ensure a uniform thickness of the liquid crystal; and an insulative transparent layer provided on the conductive layer. The liquid crystal element is laminated to an optically flat substrate to limit the out-of-plane distortions thereof. The structure formed by element and substrate are disposed in a substrate holder which is mounted to a wiring board, and coupled to voltage sources for actuating the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal element, a packaging structure providing thermal and alignment control, a display device including the same, and methods of fabrication and assembly are provided. The liquid crystal element includes: a semiconductor wafer, having microcircuitry and an array of reflective pixels; a layer of electro-optical responsive liquid crystal medium, of uniform thickness, disposed on the reflective pixels; a transparent conductive layer positioned on the liquid crystal, being substantially parallel to the reflective layers, to ensure a uniform thickness of the liquid crystal; and an insulative transparent layer provided on the conductive layer. The liquid crystal element is laminated to an optically flat substrate to limit the out-of-plane distortions thereof. The structure formed by element and substrate are disposed in a substrate holder which is mounted to a wiring board, and coupled to voltage sources for actuating the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A non-contact thermal imaging system based on infrared radiation detection is described which uses an energy source to provide a beam of energy that strikes a sample to be analyzed. The energy beam produces a thermal wave in the sample, there being infrared radiation emitted from the thermal wave. All of the infrared radiation emitted from the heated area of the sample is collected and directed to an infrared detector, to have a two-dimensional image of the sample. This is used to detect surface and sub-surface structure, defects, etc. The use of a focussed energy beam, such as a laser or electron beam, offers advantages. In this technique, all points of the sample are treated equally and the results are very easily interpreted to know the exact location and type of structure that is imaged in the heated area.

Abstract: A laser drilling control system utilizing photoacoustic feedback is described. The control system provides an accurate monitoring of the laser drilling of a multilayered printed circuit board thereby allowing uniform drilling through layers of different optical and photoacoustic properties by both analyzing the photoacoustic feedback signals received, and adjusting optimally the laser parameters such as pulse duration, wavelength, energy, pulse repetition rate, and the number of pulses, for each successive layer. The system also provides an end point detection which prevents underdrilling overheating, and overdrilling of underlying layers and associated damages. According to another aspect of this invention, the control system can be used as a sensitive misregistration detector for aligning the laser beam to a selected drill site for subsequent drilling at the selected drill site.

Abstract: A method for high resolution maskless chemical and electrochemical machining is described. Preferential etching results from exposing those regions where machining is sought to an energy beam. Such exposures can increase the etching rate in the case of electrochemical machining by a factor of 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.4. Such enhancement is sufficient to make masking unnecessary.

Abstract: A method for high resolution maskless chemical and electrochemical machining is described. Preferential etching results from exposing those regions where machining is sought to an energy beam. Such exposures can increase the ething rate in the case of electrochemical machining by a factor of 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.4. Such enhancement is sufficient to make masking unnecessary.

Abstract: A method for high resolution maskless electroplating is described. Preferential plating results from exposing those regions where enhanced plating is sought to a collimated energy beam. Such exposure can produce an enhancement in the plating rate of 10.sup.3, which is sufficient to eliminate the necessity of masking the surface.

Abstract: A pulse of energy including atomic, thermal or electromagnetic radiation produced by a source such as an electron or atomic beam, laser, electrical or optical means is applied to a generator. The generator includes a body of material adapted for acoustic vibration. An energy absorbing layer is in intimate acoustic contact with the body of material so that acoustic vibrations generated in the absorbing layer are transmitted to the body of material. The surface of the absorbing layer opposite to the body of material is acoustically clamped in position by a solid clamping medium.

Abstract: Information storage is achieved in powdered magnetoelastic materials. Such powdered magnetoelastic materials have the capability of achieving long storage times of information and also allow information to be stored at relatively high temperatures.