Abstract: A relatively low first cost process for cooling a warm liquid usually water, with a gas, usually air, comprises inflating a fabric dome through which inflating gas passes, while warm liquid is passed over the dome thus causing intimate mixing of liquid and gas in and on the fabric and consequent efficient cooling.

Abstract: An article formed by stiffening the folds of the folded plate structure by applying a low viscosity penetrant along the folds which reacts with the cement to harden it where it has been weakened due to folding. Applications include sandwich panel roof and floor decking and siding for buildings, cylindrical sandwich panels for arch roofs and large pipes or culverts, box beams and girders, and dome roofs.

Abstract: A bendable thin, sheet-like structure having a cementitious matrix reinforced with a three-dimensional fabric of an organic fiber uniformly distributed throughout the thickness of the structure and a continuous process for its production.

Abstract: A technique for constructing inflated shell enclosures in which (1) cementing matrix and reinforcing material components are placed on an inflatable membrane before inflation except that one component, which is required for hardening the cementing matrix, is sprayed on after inflation, (2) the reinforcing material is a textile fabric, interbedded with the cementing matrix to form a laminate, and (3) the hardened shell can be lifted to a raised position for permanent support by removing anchorages at its perimeter used during inflation for hardening, and inflating the space between the hardened shell and the membrane, which reacts against a supporting base surface to lift the shell.The fabric stretches slightly under inflation pressure so that shells having circular and polygonal perimeters, with center rises from one tenth to one fifth of the span, can be constructed with flat (untailored) fabrics.