Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium for managing beam shaping in gradient refractive index (GRIN) media are provided. In one aspect, a method includes specifying a field evolution throughout a gradient-index (GRIN) medium and generating a refractive index profile of the GRIN medium based on the specified field evolution in the GRIN medium. Diffraction effects are considered in solving for the refractive index profile. The index profile is found by specifying a desired beam transformation throughout the GRIN medium and solving a series of phase retrieval problems. The GRIN medium can be two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D).

Abstract: Disclosed herein, inter alia, compounds and methods of use thereof for the modulation of USP7 activity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, inter alia, compounds and methods of use thereof for the modulation of USP7 activity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, inter alia, compounds and methods of use thereof for the modulation of USP7 activity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, inter alia, compounds and methods of use thereof for the modulation of USP7 activity.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium for managing beam shaping in gradient refractive index (GRIN) media are provided. In one aspect, a method includes specifying a field evolution throughout a gradient-index (GRIN) medium and generating a refractive index profile of the GRIN medium based on the specified field evolution in the GRIN medium. Diffraction effects are considered in solving for the refractive index profile. The index profile is found by specifying a desired beam transformation throughout the GRIN medium and solving a series of phase retrieval problems. The GRIN medium can be two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D).

Abstract: A middle petroleum distillate composition containing a major proportion of middle petroleum distillate and a minor proportion of an additive in a sufficient amount to limit the settling speed of paraffins contained in said middle distillate. Said additive consists of a product resulting from a reaction between at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic compound and at least one primary amine functional compound of general formula (I), wherein R1 is a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, Z is selected from —NR?— groupings in which R? is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, n is an integer between 2 and 4, and m is an integer between 1 and 4; said primary amine functional compound being used in a ratio of 0.3-0.8 mols per mol of said dicarboxylic compound.

Abstract: The invention concerns a composition of mulifunctional additives for cold process treatment obtained by reacting carboxylic compounds with amine compounds, characterized in that it contains at least 50 wt. % of a mixture consisting of 10 to 90 wt. % of an additive (AB) of a carboxylic compound (A) selected among maleic and succinic anhydrides, corresponding acids and esters with a polyalkylamine (B) and 90 to 10 wt. % of an additive (CD) obtained by reacting a copolymer (C) obtained by reacting a first unsaturated carboxylic acid with an alkylated ester of a second unsaturated carboxylic acid, identical to or different from the first, of general formula (II) R1R2C═CR3COOR4 wherein R1 and R2, identical or different, being hydrogen, a linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl radical; R3 is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group with not more than three carbon atoms and R4 is hydrogen or a C1-C25 radical, with N-alkylpolyalkylenepolyamine (D).

Abstract: A middle petroleum distillate composition containing a major proportion of middle petroleum distillate and a minor proportion of an additive in a sufficient amount to limit the settling speed of paraffins contained in said middle distillate. Said additive consists of a product resulting from a reaction between at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic compound and at least one primary amine functional compound of general formula (I), wherein R1 is a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, Z is selected from —NR′— groupings in which R′ is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, n is an integer between 2 and 4, and m is an integer between I and 4; said primary amine functional compound being used in a ratio of 0.3-0.8 mols per mol of said dicarboxylic compound.

Abstract: Additive composition enhancing the low temperature operability of average distillates beyond -20.degree. C. comprising at least 40% by weight of a composition consisting of: i) from 60 to 94% by weight of an antisedimentation additive resulting from the reaction of at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic compound and one polyamine of general formula (II) wherein R is a saturated aliphatic radical comprising from 1 to 32 carbon atoms, n is 2-4 and m is 1-4; and ii) 6-40 % by weight of a dispersing-stabilizing additive having a molecular weight varying from 15000 to 50000 resulting from the esterification reaction of a linear alcohol having from 6 to 24 atoms with an organic acid such as maleic acid and its halides, the ester obtained being polymerized with itself or a copolymerizing compound selected from aliphatic dicarboxylic compounds.

Abstract: A method for joining a tube and a plate includes forming a short connection stub which is integral to the plate. The stub is imperforate and has a cylindrical stub surface around the stub circumference and for engaging the tube. The distal stub edge is spaced from the plate and defines a circle. A cylindrical tube has an interior tube surface, an exterior tube surface and a tube end. The tube end is placed in telescoped relationship to the stub and the stub thereby contacts only one of the tube surfaces, i.e., the interior surface or the exterior surface. The tube and stub overlap at a junction. A substantially uniform force is then applied radially around the stub surface and the stub, the edge and the tube are urged simultaneously radially inwardly or outwardly with respect to the axis.

Abstract: Amine phosphate having a terminal imide cycle resulting from the reaction, under formation conditions for an amine salt, of at least one phosphate complying with the general formula (I): ##STR1## in which n is equal to 1 or 2, R.sup.1 is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, R.sup.6 stands for a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group normally having 1 to 200 carbon atoms, with at least one amine. Preparation process in accordance with standard methods and use of these compounds as additives in fuels for engines, if appropriate in formulations containing a second constituent consisting of at least one product chosen from among the germination additives of paraffins, whereby said formulations can also contain at least one paraffin crystal growth inhibiting product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polymer of average molecular weight ranging from 400 to 20,000 comprising amino substituted groups in its molecule and resulting from the reaction of at least one compound with a primary amine function having 1 to 60 carbon atoms with an unsaturated polyester resulting from the condensation of an unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic compound, comprising at least one ethylenic unsaturation in the alpha position of one of the carboxyl groups, with at least one epoxidated compound having 4 to 62 carbon atoms chosen from ethers and esters of epoxyalcohols and esters of epoxyacids.Also disclosed is a middle distillate composition having a distillation range from 150.degree. to 450.degree. C. and comprising a minor proportion, preferably from 0.001 to 2% in weight, of at least one of the polymers defined hereinabove.

Abstract: Polymer of average molecular weight ranging from 400 to 20 000 comprising amino substituted groups in its molecule and resulting from the reaction of at least one compound with a primary amine function having 1 to 60 carbon atoms with an unsaturated polyester resulting from the condensation of an unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic compound, comprising at least one ethylenic unsaturation in the alpha position of one of the carboxyl groups, with at least one epoxidated compound having 4 to 62 carbon atoms chosen from ethers and esters of epoxyalcohols and esters of epoxyacids.Middle distillate composition having a distillation range from 150.degree. to 450.degree. C. and comprising a minor proportion, preferably from 0.001 to 2% in weight, of at least one of the polymers defined hereinabove.

Abstract: Copolymers of average number molecular weight from about 300 to 5,000 comprising recurrent units originating (A) from alpha olefins, (B) from .alpha.,.beta. unsaturated .alpha., .gamma. dicarboxylic compounds, (C) from unsaturated acid esters of 1,2-diols, optionally etherified or esterified, and (D) optionally from acrylic esters, the proportions of the recurrent units being 5-60% for (A), 10-70% for (B), 10-60% for (C) and 0-60% for (D), at least one of recurrent units (A), (B) and/or (C) comprising at least 12 carbon atoms, and at least 10% of the recurrent units of said copolymer being (B) recurrent units of N-substituted imide type. These copolymers form additives useful to lower the pour point of middle distillates, particularly of gas-oils. The use of said additives at a concentration from 0.001 to 2% by weight results in a substantial decrease of the pour point of the treated middle distillates.

Abstract: Copolymers with nitrogen groups are used as additives to lower the cloud point and improve the filterability limit temperature and the pour point of middle distillates such as gas oils. They are obtained by reacting a compound having a primary amine group with a copolymer comprising 15 to 40% of recurrent units form a linear .alpha.-olefin, 20 to 70% of recurrent units form and .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated dicarboxylic compound and 15 to 45% of recurrent units form an alkyl ester of unsaturated monocarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon middle distillate contains an additive for decreasing its cloud point, obtained by reacting an aliphatic dicarboxylic compound selected from the maleic and alkylmaleic anhydrides, the alkenylsuccinic and polyalkenylsuccinic anhydrides and the corresponding dicarboxylic acids and lower alkyl diesters with a compound of the formula:R--Z--(CH.sub.2).sub.n NH].sub.m HorHO--CH.sub.2 --R.sup.5 --NH.sub.2wherein R is a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, Z is NR' or O, R' being hydrogen or an aliphatic radical, n is an integer from 2 to 4, m is zero or an integer from 1 to 4 and R.sup.5 is a divalent saturated aliphatic radical.

Abstract: Copolymers with nitrogen groups are used as additives to lower the cloud point of middle distillates such as gas oils. They are obtained by reacting a compound having a primary amine group with a copolymer comprising from 20 to 40% of recurrent units from a linear .alpha.-olefin, from 30 to 70% of recurrent units from an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated dicarboxylic compound, from 5 to 30% of recurrent units from an alkyl ester of unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, and from 5 to 15% of recurrent units from styrene or a styrene derivative.These additives also improve the limit filterability temperature and the pour point of the middle distillates.

Abstract: Ethers of polyols are prepared by reaction of a polyol and an organic chloride in a two phase medium in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. The ethers of polyols are useful as synthetic lubricants, as lubricant bases, as lubricant additives and as fuel additives.

Abstract: A method of preparing novel bitumen compositions which comprises a first step wherein an olefinic unsaturated organic compound having a molecular weight varying between 300 and 30,000 is added to a bitumen having a penetration value varying between 30 and 220, and a second step wherein a polymer having a molecular weight varying between 100,000 and 2,000,000 is added to the product obtained from said first step.