Abstract: A blowing apparatus for simultaneously delivering gaseous and solid materials to a hot metal melt during refining is presented. The blowing apparatus or blowing lance provides a novel structure of an inner block, an outer block housing, and tubing wherein incompatible materials (i.e., oxygen and carbon) may be safely and simultaneously delivered by use of a protective structure which also functions as a cooling device. The blowing lance further includes a variety of nozzles for blowing materials both above and below the surface of the metal pool.

Abstract: A method for producing colloidal mixtures, especially water-cement mixtures with or without further solid additions, comprising the steps of feeding the material for forming the colloidal mixture into a container, stirring the material fed into the container by a blade stirrer driven by a motor at a circumferential speed at the outer diameter of the blade stirrer of at least 500 and preferably 1,500 meters per minute, continuously measuring the variations in the energy take-up of the motor, and stopping stirring of the material when the continuously observed energy take-up indicates a sudden transition from a fluctuating to a substantially steady course; and an apparatus for carrying out this method.

Abstract: A steel-smelting lance assembly has a fixed support head having a horizontal lower face and is formed with a plurality of fluid passages opening at the face. A plurality of fluid-carrying conduits are permanently connected to the head and communicate with these passages. A lance tube is provided on its upper end with a connector piece having an upper face and formed with a plurality of passages opening at the face and alignable with the passages of the support head. A pair of bolts pivoted on the support head are engageable in notches on the connector piece so as to align the passages in the connector piece with the passages in the support head and allow the two faces of these elements to be clamped together by tightening nuts on the bolts.