Abstract: Coherent EUV and X-rays beams are generated for photolithography to produce nanometer scale resolution chips by the emission from ionization of Tin (Sn), and other materials (Li, Ar, Kr, and Xe) and HHG, and EUV and X-ray microscopes. Zeptosecond pulses use odd harmonics number from intense femtosecond pulses resulting in Ultra-Supercontinuum (USC) and Higher Harmonic Generation (HHG) produced from electronic Kerr effect.

Abstract: In this patent, we teach methods to generate coherent X-ray and UUV rays beams for X ray and UUV microscopes using intense femtosecond pulses resulting the Ultra-Supercontinuum (USC) and Higher Harmonic Generation (HHG) from ?3 and ?5 media produce from electronic and molecular Kerr effect. The response of n2 (?3) and n4 (?5) at the optical frequency from instantaneously response of carrier phase of envelope results in odd HHG and spectral broadening about each harmonic on the anti-Stokes side of the pump pulse at wo typically in the visible, NIR, and MIR. From the slower molecular Kerr response on femtosecond to picosecond from orientation and molecular motion on n2 and n4 which follow the envelope of optical field of the laser gives rise to extreme broadening without HHG. The resulting spectra extend on the Stokes side towards the IR, RF to DC covering most of the electromagnetic spectrum. These HHG and Super broadening covering UUV to X rays and possibly to gamma ray regime for microscopes.

Abstract: Structured beams, Bessel beams, Laguerre Gaussian beams, and focused Gaussian are used as a natural waveguide and its group velocity can be subluminal (slower than the speed of light) as compared to a Gaussian beam in free space. A free space dispersion relation for a Bessel beam, i.e., the dependence of its wavenumber on its angular frequency, is outlined from which the Bessel beam's subliminal group velocity is derived. For reasonable conditions a Bessel light beam has associated parameters that allow slowing near a critical frequency. The application of Bessel beams for a natural optical buffer in free space is presented. Optical transitions and selection rules in materials are altered by structured light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). Nano antennas are used to enhance the interactions of structured light.

Abstract: In this patent, we teach methods to generate coherent X-ray and UUV rays beams for X ray and UUV microscopes using intense femtosecond pulses resulting the Ultra-Supercontinuum (USC) and Higher Harmonic Generation (HHG) from ?3 and ?5 media produce from electronic and molecular Kerr effect. The response of n2 (?3) and n4 (?5) at the optical frequency from instantaneously response of carrier phase of envelope results in odd HHG and spectral broadening about each harmonic on the anti-Stokes side of the pump pulse at wo typically in the visible, NIR, and MIR. From the slower molecular Kerr response on femtosecond to picosecond from orientation and molecular motion on n2 and n4 which follow the envelope of optical field of the laser gives rise to extreme broadening without HHG. The resulting spectra extend on the Stokes side towards the IR, RF to DC covering most of the electromagnetic spectrum. These HHG and Super broadening covering UUV to X rays and possibly to gamma ray regime for microscopes.

Abstract: A Compact Optical Virus Detection Analyzer (COVDA) uses light scattering and fluorescence to detect nanometer (nm) and micrometer (um) sized particles, such as biological particles and can be used to detect viruses such as coronavirus including SAR-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19, pollen and bacteria. It can be used for prescreening, rapid detection of suspicious people. COVDA involves experimental and theoretical methods for particle and virus detection using Tryptophan as a key biomarker.

Abstract: Majorana photons are transmitted through a biological tissue sample to image the tissue. The Majorana photons have a circular polarization, a radial polarization or an azimuthal polarization. The transmitted photons are processed to produce a digital image of the biological tissue sample.

Abstract: Majorana photons are transmitted through a biological tissue sample to image the tissue. The Majorana photons have a circular polarization, a radial polarization or an azimuthal polarization. The transmitted photons are processed to produce a digital image of the biological tissue sample.

Abstract: Structured beams, Bessel beams, Laguerre Gaussian beams, and focused Gaussian are used as a natural waveguide and its group velocity can be subluminal (slower than the speed of light) as compared to a Gaussian beam in free space. A free space dispersion relation for a Bessel beam, i.e., the dependence of its wavenumber on its angular frequency, is outlined from which the Bessel beam's subliminal group velocity is derived. For reasonable conditions a Bessel light beam has associated parameters that allow slowing near a critical frequency. The application of Bessel beams for a natural optical buffer in free space is presented. Optical transitions and selection rules in materials are altered by structured light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). Nano antennas are used to enhance the interactions of structured light.

Abstract: There is a need for a compact instrument and microscope that maps the vibration fingerprints of biomolecules and chemicals in a sample such as brain, breast, cervix, and arteries. One can use spontaneous Raman scattering to accomplish this; however, the problem is low scattering efficiency to 10?5. With the availability of continuous wave diode laser at numerous wavelengths from 375 nm-1800 nm for parametric nonlinear difference vibrational mixing to enhance Stimulated Raman process within materials. A seed beam at Raman frequency is used with pump laser beam. In this way one can map in 2D and 3D images of the vibrations associate with disease changes. Scanning a pair of laser beams can map the location of vibrations within cells, smears, membranes, arteries, and tissues of animal and human.

Abstract: A method to detect vibrations associated with biomolecules in tissues and cellsuses Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy to measure specific biomolecules in tissue and cells signals. The changes of RR lines of key molecules present to the chemical conformations and change due to disease such as cancer and heart disease. Biomolecules are collagen, flavins, tryptophan, NADH, NAD, etc. The laser beams excite RR of vibration associated with absorption of the key native molecules in tissue (Tryptophan, NADH, Flavins, Collagen, carotenoids, porphyrins and others. The margin assessment and RR images in 2D and 3D regions are found by RR signals using position scanners. The intensity and the numbers of molecule fingerprints indicate the presence of and the degree of the changes of chemical conformations.

Abstract: A method is provided for deep tissue imaging using multi-photon excitation of a fluorescent agent. The fluorescent agent is irradiated with an ultrafast laser to produce an excited singlet state (Sn) which subsequently undergoes non-radiative relaxation to a first singlet state (S1). The S1 state undergoes fluorescence to the ground state S0 to produce an emission wavelength. Both the excitation and emission wavelengths are within the near infrared optical window, thereby permitting deep tissue penetration for both the incoming and outgoing signals.

Abstract: A rectal near infrared (NIR) scanning polarization imaging system uses NIR Photonic Prostatoscopy Analyzer (NIRPPA) for prostate cancer detection using light. The NIRPPA consists of a portable rectal NIR scanning polarization imaging unit and an optical fiber-based rectal probe capable of recording sets of 2D images of a prostate through rectum at different wavelengths and depths and obtaining a three dimensional (3D) image of the prostate and 3D locations of abnormal tissue inside the prostate. Diode lasers/light emission diodes (LEDs) with selected emitting wavelengths are used in the NIR spectral range from 650 nm to 2,400 nm corresponding to the four tissue optical windows (#I, 650 nm-950 nm; #II, 1,100 nm-1,350 nm; #III, 1,600 nm-1,870 nm; and #IV, 2,100 nm-2,300 nm). The fingerprint absorptions of water (H2O), Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) in the prostate are used as native biomarkers for prostate cancer detection.

Abstract: Coherent light is used to image cells/molecules at wavelengths in the near-infrared (NIR) region in second, third and fourth spectral windows. Optical attenuation from thin tissue slices of normal and malignant breast and prostate tissue, and pig brain are placed between matched bandpass filters, within desired windows and measured within an NIR spectral window at wavelengths selected to highlight the desired cells/molecules. Due to a reduction in scattering and minimal absorption, longer attenuation and clearer images can be seen in the second, third and fourth NIR windows compared to the conventional first NIR window. The spectral windows have uses in microscope imaging one or more collagens, elastins, lipids and carotenoids in arteries, bones, breast, cells, skin, intestines, bones, cracks, teeth, and blood due to less scattering of light and improved signal to noise to provide clearer images.

Abstract: Methods of decoding N superimposed coherent optical transmission modes transmitted along a multimode optical fiber are provided where the optical signal detector comprises coherent detection hardware and a digital signal processor. The optical signals are split into N optical detection channels of the coherent detection hardware, which is used to measure the phase and amplitude of the output optical signals as a vector field matrix [ê]1×n. The digital signal processor determines the output principal states [PSout]1×n of the output optical signals from the principal state eigenvectors of an output matrix corresponding to the N propagating optical signals at the receiving portion of the data transmission link and extracts the input optical signals [M]In from the output optical signals using the output principal states [PSout]1×n, the vector field matrix [ê]1×n of the output optical signals, and a time delay ? of each output signal.

Abstract: Spatial frequency spectra from periodic, aperiodic and quasi-random structures in materials are shown and used to detect differences among objects via internal coding from the spatial frequencies. The method is applied to different grades of human tissues for a new form of histology and pathology, and to detect art forgeries and coding boxes, money and papers and gems. The randomness of material structures on surface and at depths near surface can be detected from the spatial spectrum. In tissue spectral features from normal to different stages of cancer in tissue for ex vivo and in vivo applications can be recognized by different spectral fingerprints content of the spatial frequency. Similarly, the painting for the strokes of artist is different. A new type of instrument is described to analyze materials as a Spatial Frequency Spectrometer.

Abstract: Methods of decoding N superimposed coherent optical transmission modes transmitted along a multimode optical fiber are provided where the optical signal detector comprises coherent detection hardware and a digital signal processor. The optical signals are split into N optical detection channels of the coherent detection hardware, which is used to measure the phase and amplitude of the output optical signals as a vector field matrix [ê]1×n. The digital signal processor determines the output principal states [PSout]1×n of the output optical signals from the principal state eigenvectors of an output matrix corresponding to the N propagating optical signals at the receiving portion of the data transmission link and extracts the input optical signals [M]In from the output optical signals using the output principal states [PSout]1×n, the vector field matrix [ê]1×n of the output optical signals, and a time delay ? of each output signal.

Abstract: Structured beams, Bessel beams Laguerre beams, and focused Gaussian are used as a natural waveguide and its group velocity can be subluminal (slower than the speed of light) as compared to a Gaussian beam in free space. A free space dispersion relation for a Bessel beam, i.e., the dependence of its wavenumber on its angular frequency, is outlined from which the Bessel beam's subliminal group velocity is derived. For reasonable conditions a Bessel light beam has associated parameters that allow slowing near a critical frequency. The application of Bessel beams for a natural optical buffer in free space is presented. Optical transitions and selection rules in materials are altered by structured light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). Nano antennas are used to enhance the interactions of structured light.

Abstract: There is a need for a compact instrument and microscope that maps the vibration fingerprints of biomolecules and chemicals in a sample such as brain, breast, cervix, and arteries. One can use spontaneous Raman scattering to accomplish this; however, the problem is low scattering efficiency to 10?5. With the availability of continuous wave diode laser at numerous wavelengths from 375 nm-1800 nm for parametric nonlinear difference vibrational mixing to enhance Stimulated Raman process within materials. A seed beam at Raman frequency is used with pump laser beam. In this way one can map in 2D and 3D images of the vibrations associate with disease changes. Scanning a pair of laser beams can map the location of vibrations within cells, smears, membranes, arteries, and tissues of animal and human.

Abstract: A compact random media size antenna employing random magnetic and dielectrics nm to mm range size particles in polymer hosts is used to transfer E & M oscillations in 1 kHz to 900 Mhz range using a 1 cm to 1 meter length antenna. This is achieved by using small size particles and a random mean path length of E & M wavefront travel in and about a core tube of effective length matching Leff=L2/2ltr, equivalent to ?/2 for transmitting and receiving E & M radiation, where L is the physical size of the antenna, ltris the transport scattering random walk length between particles and ? is the frequency wavelength.

Abstract: A label free single or multi-photon optical spectroscopy for measuring the differences between the levels of fluorophores from tryptophan, collagen, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). and flavins exist in brain samples from a of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal (N) brain samples with label-free fluorescence spectroscopy. Relative quantities of these molecules are shown by the spectral profiles of the AD and N brain samples at excitation wavelengths 266 nm, 300 nm, and 400 nm. The emission spectral profile levels of tryptophan and flavin were much higher in AD samples, while collagen emission levels were slightly lower and NADH levels were much lower in AD samples. These results yield a new optical method for detection of biochemical differences in animals and humans for Alzheimer's disease.