Abstract: A high-voltage optical transformer may include (1) an array of light-emitting devices that are connected in parallel with one another and are electrically coupled to an electrical input, (2) a transfer medium, and (3) an array of photovoltaic cells that (A) are optically coupled to the array of light-emitting devices via the transfer medium, (B) are connected in series with one another, and (C) produce an electrical output whose voltage is higher than the electrical input. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A suture tensioning device that deters over-tensioning or under-tensioning of suture thread(s) is presented. The suture tensioning device includes an engagement portion and a tensioning portion. Optionally, the suture tensioning device also includes a detent portion. The tensioning portion has a tension limiter, which can be a protrusion, a wheel with a clutching mechanism, a spring, etc. A suture can be immobilized in the engagement portion of the suture tensioning device, and the tension can be increased or decreased by moving the tensioning portion. The tension limiter limits the movements of the tensioning portion so that the tension of the suture(s) can be set to a desirable level.