Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for an energy storage system. In one aspect, the energy storage system includes a controller configured to connect a first capacitor system and a second capacitor system in series with an output of a battery system during a high current demand event such that the voltage of the output of the battery system is supported within the voltage constraints of the output of that battery system.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention comprises an apparatus for balancing cells in a series string of modules having cells. The apparatus comprises a processing system and a communication circuit. The processing circuit is configured to receive an average cell voltage value from each module. The processing circuit is further configured to determine an overall average cell voltage for all the cells. The processing circuit is also configured to cause each the modules to determine a relative capacitance for each of its cells and cause each of the modules to balance its cells based on the respective relative capacitances. The communication circuit is configured to receive the average cell voltage value from the modules.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for an energy storage system. In one aspect, the energy storage system includes a controller configured to connect a capacitor system in series with an output of a battery system during a regenerative event such that the voltage of the capacitor system is subtracted from the voltage of the battery system.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention comprises an apparatus for balancing cells in a series string of modules having cells. The apparatus comprises a processing system and a communication circuit. The processing circuit is configured to receive an average cell voltage value from each module. The processing circuit is further configured to determine an overall average cell voltage for all the cells. The processing circuit is also configured to cause each the modules to determine a relative capacitance for each of its cells and cause each of the modules to balance its cells based on the respective relative capacitances. The communication circuit is configured to receive the average cell voltage value from the modules.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for an energy storage system. In one aspect, the energy storage system includes a controller configured to connect a first capacitor system and a second capacitor system in series with an output of a battery system during a high current demand event such that the voltage of the output of the battery system is supported within the voltage constraints of the output of that battery system.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for a combined battery/capacitor energy storage device. The device includes a first device terminal, a second device terminal, a battery connected between the first terminal and the second terminal, and a capacitor connected in parallel with the battery. In one aspect, a rectifier is connected between the first terminal and the capacitor, the rectifier configured to allow substantially unidirectional current flow from the first terminal to the capacitor. In another aspect, a switch is between the capacitor and the first terminal. In another aspect, a current limiter extends between the first terminal and the capacitor.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for an energy storage system. In one aspect, the energy storage system includes a controller configured to connect a capacitor system in series with an output of a battery system during a regenerative event such that the voltage of the capacitor system is subtracted from the voltage of the battery system.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for managing a capacitor system. In one aspect, an energy storage system includes a capacitor system, a charging circuit, and a controller. The capacitor system includes one or more capacitors. The charging circuit is configured to charge the capacitor system to a first target voltage. The controller is configured to detect a first condition and is programmed, in response to the first condition, to instruct the charging circuit to charge the capacitor system to a second target voltage that is less than the first target voltage. The controller is programmed to provide a notification that the capacitor system is operating in a degraded state.

Abstract: An energy storage apparatus can include a plurality of energy storage sub-modules adjacent one another, each of the plurality of energy storage sub-modules including a plurality of prismatic energy storage devices positioned on a carrying tray. An insulator sleeve can surround the plurality of prismatic energy storage devices positioned on the carrying tray and a pair of side plates positioned around the insulator sleeve. A first of the pair of side plates can be placed adjacent a first side of the insulator sleeve and a second of the pair of side plates can be placed adjacent a second opposing side of the insulator sleeve, where at least one of the pair of side plates has a plurality of protrusions distributed across an exterior surface. An air flow generator can be at a distal end of the energy storage apparatus and configure to draw air into and propel air flow through the energy storage apparatus.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for a combined battery/capacitor energy storage device. The device includes a first device terminal, a second device terminal, a battery connected between the first terminal and the second terminal, and a capacitor connected in parallel with the battery. In one aspect, a rectifier is connected between the first terminal and the capacitor, the rectifier configured to allow substantially unidirectional current flow from the first terminal to the capacitor. In another aspect, a switch is between the capacitor and the first terminal. In another aspect, a current limiter extends between the first terminal and the capacitor.