Abstract: Exemplary subpixel structures include a directional light-emitting diode structure characterized by a full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of emitted light having a divergence angle of less than or about 10°. The subpixel structure further includes a lens positioned a first distance from the light-emitting diode structure, where the lens is shaped to focus the emitted light from the light-emitting diode structure. The subpixel structure still further includes a patterned light absorption barrier positioned a second distance from the lens. The patterned light absorption barrier defines an opening in the barrier, and the focal point of the light focused by the lens is positioned within the opening. The subpixels structures may be incorporated into a pixel structure, and pixel structures may be incorporated into a display that is free of a polarizer layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally related to 3D imaging capable OLED displays. A light field display comprises an array of 3D light field pixels, each of which comprises an array of corrugated OLED pixels, a metasurface layer disposed adjacent to the array of 3D light field pixels, and a plurality of median layers disposed between the metasurface layer and the corrugated OLED pixels. Each of the corrugated OLED pixels comprises primary or non-primary color subpixels, and produces a different view of an image through the median layers to the metasurface to form a 3D image. The corrugated OLED pixels combined with a cavity effect reduce a divergence of emitted light to enable effective beam direction manipulation by the metasurface. The metasurface having a higher refractive index and a smaller filling factor enables the deflection and direction of the emitted light from the corrugated OLED pixels to be well controlled.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for producing a naturally purified salt product such as magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, wherein the salt mixture is treated with a solution comprising magnesium chloride; the first slurry is separated to provide a second slurry, which is further separated to yield a first liquid stream; the first liquid stream is crystallized to provide the naturally purified salt product. In another embodiment, a high purity salt product is produced. In another embodiment, other products that are produced include naturally purified sodium chloride and magnesium chloride.

Abstract: Methods for producing naturally purified salt products are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of producing a naturally purified salt product such as magnesium sulfate heptahydrate from a salt mixture is disclosed. In another embodiment, a high purity salt product is produced. In another embodiment, other products that are produced include naturally purified sodium chloride and magnesium chloride.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for softening water is disclosed. In particular, an apparatus and method for softening water without the addition of ions the wastewater stream is disclosed. The apparatus generally includes at least one nanofiltration filter element configured and arranged to receive an input flow of hard water, discharge an output flow of permeate water comprising a portion of the input flow, and discharge an output flow of non-permeate water comprising a portion of the input flow. The nanofiltration filter element typically has an average pore size that permits the passage of water and monovalent ions but substantially prevents the passage of divalent ions.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for softening water is disclosed. In particular, an apparatus and method for softening water without the addition of ions the wastewater stream is disclosed. The apparatus generally includes at least one nanofiltration filter element configured and arranged to receive an input flow of hard water, discharge an output flow of permeate water comprising a portion of the input flow, and discharge an output flow of non-permeate water comprising a portion of the input flow. The nanofiltration filter element typically has an average pore size that permits the passage of water and monovalent ions but substantially prevents the passage of divalent ions.