Abstract: The specification describes membranes, formulations, methods of manufacture, and methods to develop formulations and membranes that have desired physical properties. The membranes and formulations are biodegradable, in conditions like domestic and commercial compost systems. The formulations and membranes may also be flexible and have desired physical properties such as melting point and flexibility.

Abstract: A system for cryocooling biological samples, including a first chamber configured to hold a first amount a cryogenic liquid; a container holder positioned in thermal contact with the first chamber and configured to hold at least one removable container positioned therein, wherein the container is configured to hold a second amount of the cryogenic liquid and forms a second chamber; an elongated tube holder configured to hold at least one hollow elongated tube into the container; and a sample wand configured to hold and transfer at least one sample holder with a biological sample into the elongated tube while the elongated tube is in the container with the second amount of the cryogenic liquid therein.

Abstract: A system and method of sample cell arrays for performing small-angle X-ray scattering on solutions containing biomolecules and/or other solutes. The sample cell array includes sample cells having a cylindrical cross-section and side walls that are thin compared with their diameter, and preferably made of a compliant material. The cylindrical cells are attached to top and bottom substrates, each with a high transmittance X-ray window, with their axis perpendicular to the respective substrate. The cells are loaded with buffer and buffer+biomolecule solution from an initially open top end. A top substrate (with a sealing cap and the X-ray window) is pushed down onto the cylindrical cells. On cooling to cryogenic temperatures, the thermal contraction of the sample relative to the sample cells does not cause large stresses to develop in the sample once it solidifies and cause sample cracking.

Abstract: A system for cryocooling biological samples, including a first chamber configured to hold a first amount a cryogenic liquid; a container holder positioned in thermal contact with the first chamber and configured to hold at least one removable container positioned therein, wherein the container is configured to hold a second amount of the cryogenic liquid and forms a second chamber; an elongated tube holder configured to hold at least one hollow elongated tube into the container; and a sample wand configured to hold and transfer at least one sample holder with a biological sample into the elongated tube while the elongated tube is in the container with the second amount of the cryogenic liquid therein.

Abstract: A system and method of sample cell arrays for performing small-angle X-ray scattering on solutions containing biomolecules and/or other solutes. The sample cell array includes sample cells having a cylindrical cross-section and side walls that are thin compared with their diameter, and preferably made of a compliant material. The cylindrical cells are attached to top and bottom substrates, each with a high transmittance X-ray window, with their axis perpendicular to the respective substrate. The cells are loaded with buffer and buffer+biomolecule solution from an initially open top end. A top substrate (with a sealing cap and the X-ray window) is pushed down onto the cylindrical cells. On cooling to cryogenic temperatures, the thermal contraction of the sample relative to the sample cells does not cause large stresses to develop in the sample once it solidifies and cause sample cracking.

Abstract: Microfabricated tools useful for manipulating small, delicate samples are formed from thin plastic films. The films have a small thickness (preferably 5 to 50 micrometers and typically 10 micrometers) and small lateral dimensions (preferably 2 mm or less and typically 0.1 to 1 mm) so that they are reasonably flexible, but are preferably curved by being wrapped around a cylindrical or flat post to give them some rigidity. The softness and thinness of the plastic reduce risk of sample damage during incidental contact with the tool. Its thinness makes it optically and X-ray transparent, so that the samples can be clearly visualized during manipulations and so that the tools can be used to collect X-ray data from samples. As an option, an X-ray sensitive phosphor is incorporated in the film at low concentration. This allows the X-ray beam to be visually located on the mount or tool.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a crystallization and screening plate comprises a plurality of cells open at a top and a bottom, a frame that defines the cells in the plate, and at least two films. The first film seals a top of the plate and the second film seals a bottom of the plate. At least one of the films is patterned to strongly pin the contact lines of drops dispensed onto it, fixing their position and shape. The present invention also includes methods and other devices for manual and high-throughput protein crystal growth.

Abstract: Sample mounts (10) for mounting microcrystals of biological macromolecules for X-ray crystallography are prepared by using patterned thin polyimide films (12) that have curvature imparted thereto, for example, by being attached to a curved outer surface of a small metal rod (16). The patterned film (12) preferably includes a tapered tip end (24) for holding a crystal. Preferably, a small sample aperture is disposed in the film for reception of the crystal. A second, larger aperture can also be provided that is connected to the sample aperture by a drainage channel, allowing removal of excess liquid and easier manipulation in viscous solutions. The curvature imparted to the film (12) increases the film's rigidity and allows a convenient scoop-like action for retrieving crystals. The polyimide contributes minimally to background and absorption, and can be treated to obtain desired hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity.

Abstract: A computerized paging device connected a source of power for transmitting and receiving messages. The computerized paging device includes a modem for transmitting messages to a desired party and receiving message signals transmitted to the device and a microprocessor including a memory unit for storing programming information for the microprocessor is connected to the modem for processing the received message signals and generating a display message signal based upon the processed received message signal. A display screen is connected to the microprocessor for displaying the display message signal. A speaker is connected to the microprocessor for producing an audible representation of the display message signal and a microphone is also connected to the microprocessor for receiving an audible signal, wherein the audible signal is transmitted to the microprocessor for conversion into a digital signal and transmission to the desired party by the modem.