Abstract: Batteries are charged using sequences of charge and discharge pulses in which a controller adjusts charge rate and/or terminates the charge process based on measurements taken during the preceding charge cycle and an internally computed algorithmic logic equation to optimize the charge cycle for the battery being charged. A preferred embodiment utilizes six sense parameters, three of which are 1.sup.st order (V.sub.ps, V.sub.load and V.sub.unload)and three of which are 2.sup.nd order (V'.sub.ps, V'.sub.load and V'.sub.unload). The charging scheme is applicable to batteries of many different types, including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal-hydride), and requires neither input of battery type nor instrumentation of the battery.

Abstract: An improved carton having, in preferred form, a break-away partition fixed between opposed side walls of the carton when the carton is initially erected into a use position from a collapsed position. The break-away partition comprises a transverse stop-rib fixed to opposite side walls at the closed end of the carton, and a cushion flap hingedly connected to one side wall only and connected in break-away fashion to the stop-rib. When an article is inserted into the open end of the erected but unfilled carton, the insertion step causes the cushion flap to break-away from the stop-rib at the carton's closed end. This allows the support rib to function as a seat for one end of the article, and this also deforms the cushion flap only as required so as to enhance the cushioning characteristic of that flap for the sides of the article, when the article is fully located in the carton.