Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for qualitative and quantitative analysis utilizing the Raman effect. Analyses are obtainable without exercise of human judgment or human interpretation. Analyses may be obtained on-line in the field or in a laboratory. A wide range of fluids and solids are capable of rapid routine analysis without major adjustment of equipment. An analysis is obtained by comparing a Raman spectrum of the unknown sample to Raman spectra of samples whose analysis is known. The known Raman spectra are stored in computing means in digital form and the comparison is accomplished by the computing means.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining water content of gases and vapors. The primary sensing device is a fluidic oscillator through which a sample of gas is passed. It is primarily useful in systems where the moisture content is large and there is a small difference between the molecular weight of water and the average molecular weight of the other components of the gas (or vapor) or systems where there is a large difference between the molecular weight of water and the average molecular weight of the other components.

Abstract: Apparatus for converting weak light, or light of low intensity, to electrical signals descriptive of such light. The apparatus is capable of sensing differences in photon flux over an area of detection, that is, sensing a pattern of lighter and darker areas. An important application of the apparatus is in spectroscopy and spectroscopic anaylsis, where it is desired to record a spectrum in other than visual form.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining water content of gases and vapors. The primary sensing device is a fluidic oscillator through which a sample of gas is passed. It is primarily useful in systems where the moisture content is large and there is a small difference between the molecular weight of water and the average molecular weight of the other components of the gas (or vapor) or systems where there is a large difference between the molecular weight of water and the average molecular weight of the other components.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining density of gases and vapors. The primary sensing device is a fluidic oscillator through which a sample of gas is passed.

Abstract: Sample injection and vaporization system for gas chromatography is capable of continuous injection of a liquid hydrocarbon sample in the -44.degree. F. to 1074.degree. F. boiling range from a closed system such as a flowing liquid stream or high pressure sample bomb. The system overcomes the temperature limitations inherent in the seals of existing sample valves and utilizes a syringe to transport a liquid sample from the sample stream to a hot vaporization zone through which a carrier gas is flowing. Insulating means keep the sample block containing the seals, including one which is contacted by both the carrier gas and sample stream, at a sufficiently low temperature to protect the seals.