Abstract: A measurement system (11), the measurement system comprising: a sensor apparatus (22); an illumination system (IL1) arranged to illuminate the sensor apparatus with radiation, the sensor apparatus comprising a patterned region arranged to receive a radiation beam and to form a plurality of diffraction beams, the diffraction beams being separated in a shearing direction; the sensor apparatus comprising a radiation detector (24); wherein the patterned region is arranged such that at least some of the diffraction beams form interference patterns on the radiation detector; wherein the sensor apparatus comprises a plurality of patterned regions (19a-19c, 20a, 20b), and wherein pitches of the patterned regions are different in adjacent patterned regions.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrodic apparatus suitable for the electrodeposition of nonferrous metals, for example for the electrolytic production of copper and other nonferrous metals from solutions of ions, comprising an electrode and at least one ionpermeable screen intended for protection of the said electrode.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrodic apparatus suitable for the electrodeposition of nonferrous metals, for example for the electrolytic production of copper and other nonferrous metals from solutions of ions, comprising an electrode and at least one ionpermeable screen intended for protection of the said electrode.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide optical connection techniques and configurations. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a substrate, a laser device formed on the substrate, the laser device including an active layer configured to emit light, and a mode-expander waveguide disposed on the substrate and butt-coupled with the active layer to receive and route the light to a waveguide formed on another substrate. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide optical connection techniques and configurations. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a substrate, a laser device formed on the substrate, the laser device including an active layer configured to emit light, and a mode-expander waveguide disposed on the substrate and butt-coupled with the active layer to receive and route the light to a waveguide formed on another substrate. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: A circuit for piloting an inductive load comprises a low-voltage supply, a storage inductor interposed between one pole of the supply and the load, a first electronic switch in parallel with the load, a second electronic switch in series with the load, between the load and the other pole of the supply, a third electronic switch interposed between the first pole of the supply and the junction between the load and the second switch, and an electronic control unit arranged to pilot the switches in a predetermined manner.The storage inductor is permanently connected to the first pole of the voltage supply and a conductive bypass path is provided between the first pole of the supply and the load. The control unit is arranged to cause the second and third electronic switches to open and close successively in counterphase, in order to maintain the current in the load at a predetermined average level.

Abstract: In generator apparatus for the combined production of electrical energy and heat, of the type comprising a support casing housing an internal combustion engine with an air filter the inlet of which communicates with an aperture in a side wall of the casing, an electrical machine coupled to the engine, and electronic circuits for controlling the operation of the engine and the electrical machine, a covering and protecting element is fixable sealingly and removably to the outer surface of the side wall of the casing to define a region between the element and the wall. The electronic circuits are supported by at least one plate fixed to the outer surface of the side wall in the region between the wall and the covering and protecting element, and the element has at least one aperture through which this region communicates with the exterior. In operation of the apparatus, the electronic circuits are ventilated by air which is drawn in by the engine and flows into the region through said at least one aperture.

Abstract: The apparatus is enclosed in thermally and acoustically insulating panels supported by a framework. Each panel has a peripheral gasket which seals against adjacent surfaces of the framework to provide improved thermal and acoustic insulation.