Abstract: A domeless simulator is disclosed. The simulator includes a head-mounted display device having a field-of-view (FOV) and a cockpit control surface. An image generation device is coupled to the head-mounted display device and configured to generate imagery of a virtual environment including an out-the-window image component and a cockpit control image component that is registered to the cockpit control surface. A hand track device is configured to sense a location of a hand of a user. A controller is coupled to the hand track device and is configured to determine the location of the hand with respect to the FOV.