Abstract: Techniques may include receiving a plurality of spans of trace data at a computing system during a first time period. The techniques may include storing the plurality of spans in a span partition of a data store. The data store can contain a plurality of span partitions with spans that are grouped in the partition by trace identifier. The device may include generating a timestamp partition, with an index of timestamps by trace identifiers, for the first time period. The techniques may include storing the timestamp partition in the data store. Also, the techniques may include identifying at least two timestamp partitions that correspond to a second time period that preceded the first time period. The techniques may include generating and storing a primary compacted timestamp partition by combining the at least two timestamp partitions.

Abstract: A method of identifying a root cause of a failure for a trace within a microservices-based application includes determining if a root span of the trace is an error span resulting in an error experienced by a user at a front end of the microservices-based application. If the root span of the trace is an error span, the method analyzes a plurality of spans comprising the trace to determine if the trace comprises at least one leaf error span. If the trace comprises a single leaf error span, the method attributes the root cause of the failure in the trace to a service associated with the single leaf error span. If the trace comprises multiple leaf error spans the method attributes the root cause of the failure in the trace to a service associated with a leaf error span of the multiple leaf error spans comprising a latest starting timestamp.

Abstract: A message queuing mail system is improved by preventing duplication of mail messages at the source when the same mail message is being sent to a plurality of destinations and also preventing unnecessary later redirection of mail messages in the mail delivery network, without requiring that the mail delivery netowrk have access to a mail directory, by defining addressing information and procedures that create, manipulate, and use the addressing information in a way that ensures that messages are replicated and redirected in the mail delivery network only when required.