Abstract: Cationic dyes and protonated disperse and solvent dyes are solubilized by an excess (over molar equivalence) of an anionic surfactant to form dye baths and inks for paper. These materials are suitable for the dyeing and printing of cationic dye receptive materials inclusive of silk, wool, nylon, triacetate, vinyl, and cationic dye receptive acrylic, polyester, and polyolefins with water-fast cationic and disperse or solvent dyes. Baths of the solubilized solvent and disperse dyes may be partially neutralized and are suitable for dyeing polyester and other hydrophobic fibers thus eliminating the need for forming dispersions with disperse dyes.

Abstract: A laundry detergent system is described that comprises a chelating agent and ordinary soap. The chelating agent acts in the triple capacity of softening the water used for washing, buffering the wash water to a alkaline pH, and preventing soil redeposition.

Abstract: An improved planetary grinding apparatus is described that comprises a grinding tube holder that carries removable grinding tubes. The grinding tube holder undergoes planetary rotation and simultaneously contra-rotates at the same rate about its own axis so as to have no net rotation with respect to the base of the machine. The grinding tube holder is rigid and has no supporting or other structures around it in the space between its ends. As a result of this feature, and because of the lack of rotation of the grinding tube holder, each grinding tube may be interconnected with fixed external connectors without the use of rotating seals.

Abstract: A mill for comminution comprising a cylinder rotating with its axis perpendicular to a uniform inertial force field that has helical chambers at each end of the cylinder that are coaxial to and connected with the cylinder. The other end of each helix is connected to an external connection such that one feeds into and the other removes material from the mill. The helical chambers have opposite senses of rotation so that when the mill is rotated in one of its two possible directions any media in the mill is dynamically retained in the mill by the screw action of the helices even as material to be ground flows through the mill.

Abstract: A planetary mill adapted for the continuous grinding of granulated material into fine powder is disclosed. A grinding chamber is provided that is continuously orbited in a planetary motion. As the tube undergoes its planetary motion it is caused to undergo a rotation about its own axis at the same rate and in an opposite sense to the planetary rotation. As a result the grinding chamber has no net rotation with respect to an external observer and can be connected to any number of external connections without the use of rotating seals provided the drive for the planetary rotation is external to the locus of points encompassed by the path of the connections as the system rotates. The ratio of the orbit radius of the planetary motion is 2.15 times that of the cylindrical tube so as to cause a cascade angle of about 45 degrees of mill mix and media in the orbiting tube which angle is independent of the rotation rate of the mill at reasonable speeds.

Abstract: An additive for lithographic printing fountain solutions to replace isopropyl or ethyl alcohols is defined that comprises a volatile material that lowers the surface tension of the fountain solution. The volatility of the material with respect to water causes an aggressive spreading that is associated with performance similar to the alcohols currently in use.

Abstract: Sulfonic acids are reacted with sodium nitrite to form new compositions specifically nitrosyl sulfonates. The nitrosyl sulfonates are useful in reacting with a dye base to form a diazo composition which can in turn react with a coupling agent to form a diazo dye. The nitrosyl sulfonate can also be used to react with an aromatic composition to nitrosoate an aromatic composition. These reactions are particularly useful in the formation of a dispersed dye because the dye can be formed directly in a nonpolar organic solvent and can be used without purification of the dye product. Particularly useful is the nitrosyl dodecyl benzene sulfonate since the formed product is soluble in nonpolar solvents and all reaction products remain in solution and aid with the dyeing of fabrics.

Abstract: Sulfonic acids are reacted with sodium nitrite to form new compositions specifically nitrosyl sulfonates. The nitrosyl sulfonates are useful in reacting with a dye base to form a diazo composition which can in turn react with a coupling agent to form a diazo dye. The nitrosyl sulfonate can also be used to react with an aromatic composition to nitrosoate an aromatic composition. These reactions are particularly useful in the formation of a dispersed dye because the dye can be formed directly in a nonpolar organic solvent and can be used without purification of the dye product. Particularly useful is the nitrosyl dodecyl benzene sulfonate since the formed product is soluble in nonpolar solvents and all reaction products remain in solution and aid with the dyeing of fabrics.

Abstract: A centrifugal mill adapted for the continuous grinding of granulated material into fine powder is disclosed. At least one pair of grinding chambers is provided. The grinding chambers are rotated about their own axes one revolution in the opposite direction to the orbiting direction for each orbit and the orbiting radius is about 1.2 to about 4.0 times the grinding chamber radius. Under these conditions the grinding chambers do not rotate relative to the machine base so that communication with the grinding chamber and any surrounding jacket may be made through flexible hoses or tubes thereby avoiding the need for rotating seals. If desired, the grinding chamber may be subjected to atmospheres of controlled temperature, pressure and composition. As the grinding chamber atmosphere is isolated from the ambient atmosphere, contamination is avoided.

Abstract: A dye composition comprising (a) a water insoluble nigrosine dye, induline dye or basic dye, (b) a water miscible solvent, and (c) a hydroxycarboxylic acid having at least three hydroxy groups is useful in preparing aqueous inks and dye baths. If desired, such baths may also include a mordant, a humectant and a corrosion inhibitor.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for electrodepositing a metallic layer (such as, an amorphous nickel-phosphorus alloy) onto a surface of a substrate includes forming the substrate into a cylindrical configuration and immersing it in a liquid electrodeposition bath containing the metallic substance to be deposited onto the substrate surface. During the electrodeposition of the metallic substance onto the substrate surface, the substrate is rotated within the bath so as to expose the substrate surface uniformly to the bath liquid and to the electric field which, on average, is substantially constant. The process finds particular utility in the production of orifice plates for use in fluid jet printing devices.

Abstract: An anode configuration is provided particularly for a bath that is used for electrolytically plating a substrate with a nickel and/or cobalt phosphorus alloy. The anode comprises a plurality of widely spaced portions of material, preferably of platinum or rhodium. The anode configuration is such that the anode has a very high current density in use--at least 200 amperes per square foot and preferably 500 amperes per square foot. The wide spacing of the anode portions may be provided in a number of different ways. A platinum wire may extend between titanium screws attached to a pair of parallel spaced titanium buses, in a zig-zag manner. A platinum wire may be welded at its opposite ends to a titanium bus, and helically wrapped around the bus, with the welding junctions covered by an insulating material (e.g. vinyl). A platinum tube may be shrink fit onto a titanium bus.

Abstract: A printing ink comprising pigment, oil, tall oil pitch, and optionally, Gilsonite.

Abstract: An all chloride bath is provided for electroplating nickel phosphorus on a substrate. The bath includes 0.7-1.3 molar Ni.sup.+, 1-2 molar Cl.sup.-, and 1-3 molar HPO.sub.3.sup.+2. The bath also optionally contains 0.2-0.6 molar PO.sub.4.sup.-3. The bath contains as little sulfate as possible. Any sodium lauryl sulfate in the bath can be removed using a carbon filter. The electroplatings produced according to the invention have Knight shift, density, and non-uniform thickness properties more characteristic of electroplated nickel phosphorus than electroless. They have lower tensile strength, increased inherent brightness, and reduced graininess compared to electroplating from baths including sulfate. The bath has increased cathode efficiency, increased conductivity, and reduced formation of unwanted precipitates compared to baths with sulfates. The bath constituents may be provided from NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O and H.sub.3 PO.sub.3 ; or from Ni(H.sub.2 PO.sub.3).sub.2 and HCl.

Abstract: A frequency-stabilized oscillator is frequency modulated by band-limited random varying signals used to drive a suitable transducer randomly to and artificially perturb fluid jets in an electrostatic fluid jet applicator. Such random artificial pertubation is desirable (especially with longer cross-machine orifice plates) so as to obscure printing irregularities caused by standing wave or other phenomena. However, such random variations are best made with respect to a highly stabilized center frequency.

Abstract: A non-artificially perturbed (NAP) fluid jet marking/treating apparatus and process wherein the treating fluid (10) is in the form of ink, dyestuff or other printing, marking or coloring medium, is delivered under pressure to a cross-machine array of jet orifices (14) from which the medium issues continuously as streams (16) that break randomly into discrete droplets in flight. The moving random droplets are selectively charged as they are formed in a selectively energizable electrostatic field (18). The paths of charged droplets are controlled by a downstream electrostatic deflection field (20) through which the droplets pass. Depending on whether the droplets are charged, they are either caught by a collector (22), or continue falling to impinge on a receiving substrate such as a textile, paper or any other desired medium, product or substance.The streams (16) break up naturally and randomly into droplets.

Abstract: A plating bath for nickel and/or cobalt phosphorus amorphous alloy coating can last almost indefinitely. The anode current density of the bath is controlled so as to maintain the amount of phosphoric acid in the bath constant, and less than a level (e.g. around 0.5 molar) at which it has significant deleterious effects on the bath, i.e. maintaining the free acid concentration in the bath in an acid titer range of about 9-14. The anode current density is maintained at about 200 amperes per square foot or greater, and preferably about 500 amperes per square foot or greater, by employing an anode construction that comprises a plurality of widely spaced strips (e.g. wires) of platinum or rhodium; e.g. platinum wires each having a diameter of about 0.010 inches and, for example, a length of about 3.2 inches, and disposed vertically and generally parallel to, but spaced from, a face of a cathode-workpiece that is to be plated with nickel phosphorus, cobalt phosphorus, or nickel/cobalt phosphorus.

Abstract: A printing ink particularly suitable for use in flexographic and letterpresses includes a basic dye, a polyhydric alcohol, water soluble carboxylic acid containing polymer and optionally water, thickeners, corrosion inhibitors and biocides. Preferably the water soluble carboxylic acid containing polymer is a homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic or methacrylic acid. The ink has an extremely high affinity for cellulosic and hemi-cellulosic substrates such as Kraft paper and newspaper. It forms a permanent bond to such substrates but does not easily dry out on the press rollers.

Abstract: Randomly generated artificial perturbation signals are acoustically coupled to fluid jets to artificially stimulate droplet formation at a rate which varies. Such changes minimize the discernible effects of anomalies in droplet formation (e.g. along the cross-machine dimension of an extended orifice array) caused by standing acoustic waves or other phenomena. A relatively low frequency bandwidth-limited square wave with randomly occurring transitions has a controlled amplitude related to a desired magnitude of deviation in the rate of droplet stimulation. This first random signal is used, in the exemplary embodiment, to control the frequency of a frequency modulated oscillator having a relatively higher mean frequency related to the naturally expected rate of droplet formation. As a result, piezoelectric crystal drive furnished by the oscillator randomly varies between upper and lower frequency limits.

Abstract: An electrical contact surface, suitable for use in producing electrical connectors, and having low surface contact resistance, is produced by the electrolytic deposition of nickel in crystalline form on a substrate. A plating bath is prepared containing nickel anions selected from the group consisting essentially of TiF.sub.6 --, ZrF.sub.6 --, HfF.sub.6 --, and TaF.sub.7 --. The nickel is preferably in the form of nickel chloride in an amount between about 0.1-2 molar, while the anion additives are in an amount between about one gram per liter and the solubility limit of the particular anion. The bath temperature, pH, and current density conditions are controlled to effect the deposition, and the electrical contact surface produced has a matte finish with nodules densely arranged on the surface. The contact resistance is less than that of a standard copper surface coated with 500 microinches of gold.