Abstract: Improved electrolytic deposition of semiconductors is obtained by separating the anode from the cathode by an ion-exchange membrane. The process is useful in the deposition of IIB/VIB semiconductors in the fabrication of photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: A process is provided for the electrochemical generation of N.sub.2 O.sub.5 in HNO.sub.3, whereby a solution of N.sub.2 O.sub.4 in HNO.sub.3 is electrolyzed. An electrolytic cell for the electrolysis is also provided, having substantially parallel electrodes in electrode compartments separated by a cell membrane. The anode is of Pt, Nb, Nb/Ta 40:60 alloy with a Pt coating. The cathode is Pt, stainless steel, Nb, Nb/Ta 40:60 alloy. The cell membrane is preferably a perfluorinated cationic exchange membrane. In use N.sub.2 O.sub.5 forms in the anolyte and N.sub.2 O.sub.4 increases in the catholyte. A suitable design of cell and its use in a single- or multi-stage electrolysis process is also described.

Abstract: A compound containing an element of Group IIB and of Group VIB is cathodically deposited on a cathode comprising a layer of high sheet resistance on an insulating substrate by positioning the anode relative to the cathode such that the distance from the anode to a point on the cathode increases as the distance between the point and the nearest electrical connection to the cathode decreases.

Abstract: A process of diaphragmless electrolysis comprises providing an electrochemical cell having substantially parallel electrodes in the form of discs axially spaced from each other and connected for common rotation about their axis, one of the discs having means defining a central opening, causing common rotation of the electrodes, introducing matter to be electrolyzed through said central opening, adjusting the speed of rotation until the profile of velocity of effective radial flow between the discs shows a double-humped distribution, and applying a potential between the discs.

Abstract: A process is provided for the electrochemical generation of N.sub.2 O.sub.5 in HNO.sub.3, whereby a solution of N.sub.2 O.sub.4 in HNO.sub.3 is electrolyzed. An electrolytic cell for the electrolysis is also provided, having substantially parallel electrodes in electrode compartments separated by a cell membrane. The anode is of Pt, Nb, Nb/Ta 40:60 alloy with a Pt coating. The cathode is Pt, stainless steel, Nb, Nb/Ta 40:60 alloy. The cell membrane is preferably a perfluorinated cationic exchange membrane. In use N.sub.2 O.sub.5 forms in the anolyte and N.sub.2 O.sub.4 increases in the catholyte. A suitable design of cell and its use in a single- or multi-stage electrolysis process is also described.