Abstract: The present invention relates to the application of high electrical conductivity electrodes in whatever type of the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen to substantially reduce power consumption. The high electrical conductivity electrodes are selected from copper electrodes or graphene electrodes and are coated with a catalyst. Type of electrolysis may be conventional diaphragm or membrane type, diaphragm-less or Unipolar electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a diaphragm type electrolytic cell and process of production of commercial quantities of hydrogen from the electrolysis of water. The utilization of both alkaline and acidic electrolyte solutions within the electrolytic cell assists to increase the production of hydrogen and oxygen. Additionally, the efficiency of the electrolytic cell is increased due to the elimination of unwanted side reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a diaphragm type electrolytic cell and process of production of commercial quantities of hydrogen from the electrolysis of water. The utilization of both alkaline and acidic electrolyte solutions within the electrolytic cell assists to increase the production of hydrogen and oxygen. Additionally, the efficiency of the electrolytic cell is increased due to the elimination of unwanted side reactions.

Abstract: A coal or carbonaceous material upgrading process for power station use, the process comprising a number of steps. First comminuting the coal or carbonaceous to a comminuted material. Second pre-treating the comminuted coal with a pulsing single frequency microwave and vacuum to reduce its water and oxygen content; the pre-treating stage being carried out at a temperature of up to 180 C. Third, treating the pre-treated comminuted material with a pulsing single frequency microwave energy under vacuum to optimize the volatile organic materials; the treatment stage being carried out at a temperature of up to 350 C. Next pyrolyzing the treated coal with a pulsing single frequency microwave and vacuum to produce a hot gas and a solid carbon residue; the pyrolyzing stage is carried out at a temperature of up to 720 C.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an efficient and high capacity electrical energy storage device consisting of diaphragm-less anode and cathode cells charging and discharging an electrolyte containing suitable ions that store electrical energy during the charging cycle and release the electrical energy during the discharge cycle. The charge-discharge reactions are reversible so that the efficiency does not reduce with the number of cycles and efficiency is maintained until the last of the charged electrolyte passes through the cells.

Abstract: The invention concerns a vortex machine modified to intensify the vortex in the machine by installing inlet fans in addition to the main fan and modifying the configuration of the machine. Additional intensification of the vortex is achieved by introducing microwaves into the vortex machine. The vortex machine has a vortex tube, an inlet tube to the vortex tube at the inlet end, a feed inlet to the vortex tube between the inlet end and an outlet end and a fan rotor at the outlet en to draw air in a vortex through the vortex tube. An inlet fan in the inlet tube adapted to force air into the vortex tube. These modifications and additions achieve commercially viable capacities of the vortex machine in drying, grinding and process applications.

Abstract: The commercial unipolar activation of water to disinfect raw water supply from rivers or wells, seawater, or waste water from sewage, animal waste, processing plant waste, cooling tower water, swimming pool and spa water, ship ballast water and similar polluted waters. Disinfection is accomplished by hydrogen peroxide and ozone including biocides from chlorine and sulphur compounds in the water that are produced during the electrolytic unipolar activation of the water. Unipolar activation can also be used to perform chemical reactions such as in the activation of seawater. This invention can also produce alkaline water that is beneficial for health.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an efficient and high capacity electrical energy storage device consisting of diaphragm-less anode and cathode cells charging and discharging an electrolyte containing suitable ions that store electrical energy during the charging cycle and release the electrical energy during the discharge cycle. The charge-discharge reactions are reversible so that the efficiency does not reduce with the number of cycles and efficiency is maintained until the last of the charged electrolyte passes through the cells.

Abstract: A coal or carbonaceous material upgrading process for power station use, the process comprising a number of steps. First comminuting the coal or carbonaceous to a comminuted material. Second pre-treating the comminuted coal with a pulsing single frequency microwave and vacuum to reduce its water and oxygen content; the pre-treating stage being carried out at a temperature of up to 180 C Third, treating the pre-treated comminuted material with a pulsing single frequency microwave energy under vacuum to optimize the volatile organic materials; the treatment stage being carried out at a temperature of up to 350 C. Next pyrolyzing the treated coal with a pulsing single frequency microwave and vacuum to produce a hot gas and a solid carbon residue; the pyrolyzing stage is carried out at a temperature of up to 720 C.

Abstract: Metal recovery apparatus (20) being a diaphragm-less electrolytic cell arrangement where oxidizing reactions are achieved in a cathode cell (32) in an anode mode and reducing reactions in the anode cell (43) in a cathode mode by changing the direction of current flow. Better performance is achieved by pulsing (27b) the DC power (27b) to the electrodes and in some applications, installing plastic mesh (165) over the surface of the solution electrodes (24, 31) to reduce unwanted side reaction.

Abstract: A process to convert carbon dioxide into a stable substance with electrolytically activated seawater and use this process to sequester carbon dioxide from coal power plants (82) and similar carbon dioxide producing equipment, and capture and sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Electrolytically activated seawater (92) is produced using a unipolar electrolytic cell (91) and is sprayed into a contacting tower (93) or into the air.

Abstract: A process of producing 99% plus titanium dioxide product by using conventional and microwave heating and leaching of the titanium compound feedstock using acid and oxidants. The solid residue from the leaching is used to produce the high quality titanium oxide by froth flotation. Hydrochloric acid can be recovered by multi-stage evaporation. The process can be modified to produce nano-size titanium dioxide product.

Abstract: The commercial unipolar activation of water to disinfect raw water supply from rivers or wells, seawater, or waste water from sewage, animal waste, processing plant waste, cooling tower water, swimming pool and spa water, ship ballast water and similar polluted waters. Disinfection is accomplished by hydrogen peroxide and ozone including biocides from chlorine and sulphur compounds in the water that are produced during the electrolytic unipolar activation of the water. Unipolar activation can also be used to perform chemical reactions such as in the activation of seawater. This invention can also produce alkaline water that is beneficial for health.

Abstract: A unipolar liquid activation apparatus with an anode cell (40), a cathode cell (41), and a direct current power supply (43), the anode cell having an anode (46), a liquid inlet (50) and an anolyte outlet (51), the cathode cell having a cathode (47), a liquid inlet (52) and a catholyte outlet (53), means to electrically connect the anode and cathode respectively to the direct current power supply. The cells can also include connected solution electrodes (44, 49). Alternatively the anode and cathode can be compound electrodes (81, 83) with means to electrically connect the inner anode electrode and the inner cathode electrode. The anode cell and cathode cell may be adjacent to each other and electrically connected by an electronic membrane (104) in contact respectively with the anode and cathode and allowing flow of electrons only from the cathode to the anode.

Abstract: Large quantities of low cost hydrogen free of carbon oxides are required as fuel for the hydrogen economy. Commercial quantities of hydrogen can be produced from the electrolysis of water using a diaphragm-less electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell has an anode cell (31) and a cathode cell (32) connected by a DC power source (53) and an external conductor (52). An alternate apparatus method to produce hydrogen is to electrolyze water using unipolar activation. Unipolar activation uses separate anode and cathode circuits and can use secondary cathode (132) and anode (139) cells to recover energy and produce further hydrogen.

Abstract: This invention concerns the commercial production of electrolytic hydrogen from coal and other hydrocarbon compounds. The process provides high capacity and low impedance compared to conventional diaphragm electrolytic cells. The hydrogen produced is suitable for combined cycle gas turbines and fuel cell power generation plants and for proton electrolytic membrane fuel cell powered transport vehicles.

Abstract: A liquid vortex separator including a vortex tube (16) with an impeller (13) in the feed end to impart a rotational motion to liquid within the tube, a feed cylinder (12) connected to the vortex tube by a reducing cone (14). The separator has a separating cone (17) at the outlet end, an annular collecting ring (18) for heavy solids and a liquid discharge pipe extending axially from the separating cone. A feed tank (31) and circulating stream arrangement ensures operation of the system at varying feed rates. The liquid vortex separator may also be fitted with microwave generators (40), electrodes (51)powered from a DC source or magnets (60) to produce desired effects or chemical reactions in the material being processed through the liquid vortex separator.

Abstract: A process and apparatus to extract and recover heavy metals and sulfur from crude oil or petroleum fuel products including the steps of emulsifying the crude oil with an emulsifying agent, adding a leach solution to the emulsified crude oil and leaching the emulsified crude oil at elevated temperature and pressure to give a leached emulsified crude oil. The leach solution may be acid or alkali. A proportion of the leach solution is extracted for recovering heavy metals. There can also be a microwave hydro-treating step using hydrogen gas at a temperature below 220° C. to ensure there is no quality degradation in the crude feed to produce a desulfurized crude oil and a hydrogen sulphide by-product and recovering sulfur from the hydrogen sulphide by-product.

Abstract: A liquid vortex separator including a vortex tube (16) with an impeller (13) in the feed end to impart a rotational motion to liquid within the tube, a feed cylinder (12) connected to the vortex tube by a reducing cone (14). The separator has a separating cone (17) at the outlet end, an annular collecting ring (18) for heavy solids and a liquid discharge pipe extending axially from the separating cone. A feed tank (31) and circulating stream arrangement ensures operation of the system at varying feed rates. The liquid vortex separator may also be fitted with microwave generators (40), electrodes (51)powered from a DC source or magnets (60) to produce desired effects or chemical reactions in the material being processed through the liquid vortex separator.

Abstract: The invention concerns a vortex machine modified to intensify the vortex in the machine by installing inlet fans in addition to the main fan and modifying the configuration of the machine. Additional intensification of the vortex is achieved by introducing microwaves into the vortex machine. The vortex machine has a vortex tube, an inlet tube to the vortex tube at the inlet end, a feed inlet to the vortex tube between the inlet end and an outlet end and a fan rotor at the outlet en to draw air in a vortex through the vortex tube. An inlet fan in the inlet tube adapted to force air into the vortex tube. These modifications and additions achieve commercially viable capacities of the vortex machine in drying, grinding and process applications.