Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing the stability of a distillate fraction using a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, such as a distillate fraction derived at least in part from a pre-refined crude oil. A sample can be aged for an aging period in a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, and a frequency value for the sample in the quartz crystal microbalance apparatus can be determined before and after the aging period to determine a frequency difference. This frequency difference can be correlated directly with the ability of a jet fuel fraction to satisfy a stability test standard, such as a jet fuel breakpoint stability. The methods can also include using a temperature profile during characterization that can reduce or minimize operator error during the characterization.

Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing the stability of a distillate fraction using a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, such as a distillate fraction derived at least in part from a pre-refined crude oil. A sample can be aged for an aging period in a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, and a frequency value for the sample in the quartz crystal microbalance apparatus can be determined before and after the aging period to determine a frequency difference. This frequency difference can be correlated directly with the ability of a jet fuel fraction to satisfy a stability test standard, such as a jet fuel breakpoint stability. The methods can also include using a temperature profile during characterization that can reduce or minimize operator error during the characterization.

Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing the stability of a distillate fraction using a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, such as a distillate fraction derived at least in part from a pre-refined crude oil. A sample can be aged for an aging period in a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, and a frequency value for the sample in the quartz crystal microbalance apparatus can be determined before and after the aging period to determine a frequency difference, This frequency difference can be correlated directly with the ability of a jet fuel fraction to satisfy a stability test standard, such as a jet fuel breakpoint stability. The methods can also include using a temperature profile during characterization that can reduce or minimize operator error during the characterization.

Abstract: Methods are provided for characterizing the stability of a distillate fraction using a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, such as a distillate fraction derived at least in part from a pre-refined crude oil. A sample can be aged for an aging period in a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus, and a frequency value for the sample in the quartz crystal microbalance apparatus can be determined before and after the aging period to determine a frequency difference. This frequency difference can be correlated directly with the ability of a jet fuel fraction to satisfy a stability test standard, such as a jet fuel breakpoint stability. The methods can also include using a temperature profile during characterization that can reduce or minimize operator error during the characterization.

Abstract: Aviation gasolines having an enhanced peak indicated mean effective pressure are provided by admixing with a leaded base aviation gasoline an aromatic amine of the formula NH2—Ar—(R1)n wherein R1 is selected from C1-C10 alkyl, halogen, and mixtures thereof provided that when R1 is alkyl it occupies the meta- or para-positions on the aromatic ring, Ar is a phenyl aromatic group and n is an integer from 0 to 3 to provide an aviation gasoline having a peak indicated mean effective pressure as determined by ASTM D-909 of greater than about 200 psi.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aviation gasoline formed by blending (i) an unleaded base fuel having a base MON of at least 94, with (ii) at least one aromatic amine effective to provide the base fuel with a final MON of at least 100.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an unleaded aminated aviation gasoline of high motor octane number (MON) and low toluene insoluble deposit formation containing an additive for controlling said deposits selected from the group consisting of high molecular weight hydrocarbyl amines, high molecular weight hydrocarbyl succinimide, high molecular weight hydrocarbyl substituted Mannish bases, and mixtures thereof, and optional carrier oil(s), to an additive concentrate for controlling toluene insoluble deposits, and to a method for producing the additive concentrate.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reducing the freezing point of unleaded aminated aviation gasoline to ?58° C. or lower by the addition of tert-amylphenylamine.

Abstract: Unlike conventional winglets that attempt to block out wingtip vortices, these winglets use multiple airfoils to recycle much of the energy of these vortices back into useful lift and thrust (drag reduction). This will improve the lift to drag ratio at high angles of attack. These airfoils extend outward in the plane of the wing from each wingtip and are specially shaped to make them easy to extend and retract. Not only can they function over a continuum of airspeeds and angles of attack, but they can also be fully retracted at very high speeds to avoid parasite drag penalties.

Abstract: A process of amplifying a nucleic acid sequence by a procedure involving a polymerase chain reaction or a ligase chain reaction. The process involves repeated cycles of steps including a nucleic acid denaturing step and a nucleic acid synthesis step, the synthesis step being carried out under the action of an enzyme (a nucleic acid polymerase or ligase). The denaturing step and the synthesis step are carried out in different denaturing and synthesis reaction zones, respectively, and, during the repeated cycles, the enzyme is maintained in isolation from the denaturing reaction zone, and conditions or reagents required for the denaturing step are maintained in isolation from the synthesis reaction zone to the extent that the reagents and conditions required for denaturing do not impede the synthesis reaction to a substantial extent. The use of separate zones for the steps of the reactions means that an enzyme that is destroyed or degraded by the reagents and conditions required for denaturing (e.g.

Abstract: A process of amplifying a nucleic acid sequence by a procedure involving a polymerase chain reaction or a ligase chain reaction. The process involves repeated cycles of steps including a nucleic acid denaturing step and a nucleic acid synthesis step, the synthesis step being carried out under the action of an enzyme (a nucleic acid polymerase or ligase). The denaturing step and the synthesis step are carried out in different denaturing and synthesis reaction zones, respectively, and, during the repeated cycles, the enzyme is maintained in isolation from the denaturing reaction zone, and conditions or reagents required for the denaturing step are maintained in isolation from the synthesis reaction zone to the extent that the reagents and conditions required for denaturing do not impede the synthesis reaction to a substantial extent. The use of separate zones for the steps of the reactions means that an enzyme that is destroyed or degraded by the reagents and conditions required for denaturing (e.g.