Abstract: A vascular access device is disclosed including a needle insertion guide having a proximal end and a distal end a the guide including a needle insertion guide having a proximal end and a distal end and a vessel interface configured for attaching the distal end of the guide to a target on an unbroken outer wall of a blood vessel of a living subject and a skin interface configured for attaching the proximal end of the guide to a skin of the living subject. Optionally the vessel interface is connected to the guide by a flexible joint configured. Optionally two vascular access devices are connected by an electrically conductive connection. Optionally the vascular access device includes a sensor to determine when a needle enters the blood vessel. Optionally the vascular access device serves as a marker for a sensor determining a status of the blood vessel.

Abstract: A vascular access device is disclosed including a needle insertion guide having a proximal end and a distal end a the guide including a needle insertion guide having a proximal end and a distal end and a vessel interface configured for attaching the distal end of the guide to a target on an unbroken outer wall of a blood vessel of a living subject and a skin interface configured for attaching the proximal end of the guide to a skin of the living subject. Optionally the vessel interface is connected to the guide by a flexible joint configured. Optionally two vascular access devices are connected by an electrically conductive connection. Optionally the vascular access device includes a sensor to determine when a needle enters the blood vessel. Optionally the vascular access device serves as a marker for a sensor determining a status of the blood vessel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-electrode array comprising a plurality of electrodes, the electrodes being spaced apart from each other by spacer means, the electrodes being secured to the spacer means, the spacer means being encapsulated within a housing. The invention also relates to an implantable device comprising a multi-electrode array of the invention, a method of manufacturing electrodes for use in an array of the invention and a method for manufacturing a multi-electrode array of the invention. The invention also relates to a method for monitoring the effect of a test substance on a biological tissue using a multi-electrode array of the invention.