Abstract: This invention relates to copper wire having a substantially uniform unoriented grain structure that is essentially columnar grain free. This invention also relates to a process for making copper wire comprising: cutting copper foil to form at least one strand of copper wire, said copper foil being an annealable electrodeposited copper foil having a substantially uniform unoriented grain structure that is essentially columnar grain free, said foil being characterized by a fatigue ductility of at least about 25% after being annealed at 177.degree. C. for 15 minutes; and shaping said strand of wire to provide said strand with desired cross-sectional shape and size.

Abstract: This invention relates to copper wire having a substantially uniform unoriented grain structure that is essentially columnar grain free. This invention also relates to a process for making copper wire comprising: cutting copper foil to form at least one strand of copper wire, said copper foil being an annealable electrodeposited copper foil having a substantially uniform unoriented grain structure that is essentially columnar grain free, said foil being characterized by a fatigue ductility of at least about 25% after being annealed at 177.degree. C. for 15 minutes; and shaping said strand of wire to provide said strand with desired cross-sectional shape and size.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making a shaped copper article directly from a copper-bearing material, comprising: (A) contacting said copper-bearing material with an effective amount of at least one aqueous leaching solution to dissolve copper ions into said leaching solution and form a copper-rich aqueous leaching solution; (B) contacting said copper-rich aqueous leaching solution with an effective amount of at least one water-insoluble extractant to transfer copper ions from said copper-rich aqueous leaching solution to said extractant to form a copper-rich extractant and a copper-depleted aqueous leaching solution; (C) separating said copper-rich extractant from said copper-depleted aqueous leaching solution; (D) contacting said copper-rich extractant with an effective amount of at least one aqueous stripping solution to transfer copper ions from said extractant to said stripping solution to form a copper-rich stripping solution and a copper-depleted extractant; (E) separating said copper-rich st

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making metal wire, comprising: (A) forming metal foil; (B) cutting said foil to form at least one strand of metal wire; and (C) shaping said strand of wire to provide said strand with desired cross-sectional shape and size. This process is particularly suitable for making copper wire, especially copper wire having a very thin diameter (e.g., about 0.0002 to about 0.02 inch).

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making copper wire directly from a copper-bearing material, comprising: (A) contacting said copper-beating material with an effective amount of at least one aqueous leaching solution to dissolve copper ions into said leaching solution and form a copper-rich aqueous leaching solution; (B) contacting said copper-rich aqueous leaching solution with an effective amount of at least one water-insoluble extractant to transfer copper ions from said copper-rich aqueous leaching solution to said extractant to form a copper-rich extractant and a copper-depleted aqueous leaching solution; (C) separating said copper-rich extractant from said copper-depleted aqueous leaching solution; (D) contacting said copper-rich extractant with an effective amount of at least one aqueous stripping solution to transfer copper ions from said extractant to said stripping solution to form a copper-rich stripping solution and a copper-depleted extractant; (E) separating said copper-rich stripping solu

Abstract: A ferritic-martensitic duplex stainless steel having properties between those of ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. The steel consists essentially of, by weight, from 4.5 to 20.5% chromium, from 1.5 to 10.5% manganese, from 0.005 to 0.1% carbon, from 0.1 to 1.0% of an element from the group consisting of titanium and columbium, balance essentially iron. The steel is additionally characterized by chromium and manganese contents within Area ABCD of the Figure, and by a chromium equivalency of from 5.0 to 11.

Abstract: A ferritic-martensitic duplex stainless steel having properties between those of ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. The steel consists essentially of, by weight, from 11.0 to 20.5% chromium, from 1.0 to 6.5% manganese, from 0.005 to 0.1% carbon, balance essentially iron. The steel is additionally characterized by chromium and manganese contents within Area ABCD of the Figure, and by a chromium equivalency of from 5.0 to 11.

Abstract: A ferritic stainless steel consisting essentially of, in weight percent, from 10.5 to 19.0% chromium, up to 0.03% carbon, up to 0.03% nitrogen, up to 0.20% manganese, up to 0.20% silicon, up to 0.30% nickel, up to 0.10% aluminum, up to 0.20% copper, at least one element from the group consisting of titanium and molybdenum in an amount of titanium of from 4 (%C + %N) to 0.75% and in an amount of molybdenum of from 0.50 to 2.5%, balance essentially iron. Furthermore, a steel in which the titanium and molybdenum contents are present in respective amounts of less than 0.05 and 0.20% when they are present as residuals, and one in which the chemistry is balanced in accordance with the following equation:%C + %N + %Mn + %Si + %Ni + %Al + %Cu + % residual Ti + % residual Mo .ltoreq. 0.