Abstract: Methods for forming a polycrystalline molybdenum film over a surface of a substrate are disclosed. The methods may include: providing a substrate into a reaction chamber; depositing a nucleation film directly on an exposed surface of the substrate, wherein the nucleation film comprises one of a metal oxide nucleation film or a metal nitride nucleation film; and depositing a polycrystalline molybdenum film directly on the nucleation film; wherein the polycrystalline molybdenum film comprises a plurality of molybdenum crystallites having an average crystallite size of less than 80 ?. Structures including a polycrystalline molybdenum film disposed over a surface of a substrate with an intermediate nucleation film are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods for forming structures with reduced feature (e.g., line) bending are provided. Exemplary methods include using a cyclic deposition process, forming a layer comprising one or more of molybdenum, tungsten, and ruthenium, and providing a nitrogen-containing reactant to the reaction chamber to form a transient surface species. Use of the nitrogen-containing reactant is thought to mitigate metal interactions that are thought to contribute to feature bending.

Abstract: Methods and systems for forming molybdenum layers on a surface of a substrate and structures and devices formed using the methods are disclosed. Exemplary methods include forming an underlayer prior to forming the molybdenum layer. The underlayer can be used to manipulate stress in the molybdenum layer and/or reduce a nucleation temperature and/or deposition temperature of a step of forming the molybdenum layer.

Abstract: Methods for forming molybdenum layers on a surface of a substrate and structures and devices formed using the methods are disclosed. Exemplary methods include forming an underlayer prior to forming the molybdenum layer. The underlayer can be used to manipulate stress in the molybdenum layer and/or reduce a nucleation temperature and/or deposition temperature of a step of forming the molybdenum layer.

Abstract: Methods and systems for forming transition metal layers on a surface of a substrate and structures and devices formed using the methods are disclosed. Exemplary methods include forming a transition layer prior to forming the transition metal layer. The transition layer can be used to facilitate subsequent deposition of the transition metal layer on high aspect ratio features, while mitigating bending of the features during deposition of the transition metal layer.

Abstract: Methods and systems for forming molybdenum layers on a surface of a substrate and structures and devices formed using the methods are disclosed. Exemplary methods include forming an underlayer prior to forming the molybdenum layer. The underlayer can be used to manipulate stress in the molybdenum layer and/or reduce a nucleation temperature and/or deposition temperature of a step of forming the molybdenum layer.

Abstract: Methods for forming a polycrystalline molybdenum film over a surface of a substrate are disclosed. The methods may include: providing a substrate into a reaction chamber; depositing a nucleation film directly on an exposed surface of the substrate, wherein the nucleation film comprises one of a metal oxide nucleation film or a metal nitride nucleation film; and depositing a polycrystalline molybdenum film directly on the nucleation film; wherein the polycrystalline molybdenum film comprises a plurality of molybdenum crystallites having an average crystallite size of less than 80 ?. Structures including a polycrystalline molybdenum film disposed over a surface of a substrate with an intermediate nucleation film are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the synthesis of nanofluids including functionalization of carbon nanostructures through a new method comprising the addition of carbon nanostructures to water; ultrasonication of the solution; addition of persulfate salt and one or several metal hydroxides of the first column of the periodic table to the aqueous solution containing carbon nanostructure; re-exposing the solution to ultrasonic waves; and then, the separation of the functionalized carbon nanostructures from the solution and washing the carbon nanostructures with water to neutralize them and mixing the nanoparticles obtained from the previous step with the fluid. By presenting a new method for the synthesis of the functionalized carbon nanostructures with specific amount of functional groups and their application in the synthesis of nanofluids, an increase in the stability and thermal conductivity of nanofluids takes place.