Abstract: A snowmobile including: a frame; an engine supported by the frame; an exhaust pipe connected to the engine; and a turbocharger connected to the exhaust pipe. The turbocharger includes a bypass conduit fluidly communicating with the turbocharger housing and including an exhaust inlet fluidly connected to the exhaust pipe; a valve in the bypass conduit for controlling the flow of exhaust gas, and an exhaust collector. The valve is movable between first and second positions, a first flow path passing through the exhaust inlet, through the bypass conduit, and into the exhaust collector, a second flow path passing through the exhaust inlet, through the bypass conduit, through the exhaust turbine, and into the exhaust collector, in the first position, a majority of the exhaust gas flowing along the first flow path and in the second position, a majority of the exhaust gas flowing along the second flow path.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laser diode (2) comprising a plurality of individual emitters (EE) constructed on a substrate (8), said laser diode (2) comprising a housing which consists of a first contact part (13), a second contact part (15), an optical element (19b), a backplate (12) and two side pieces (11), with a plurality of first spacers (9o) being arranged between the substrate (8) and the first contact part (13) and a plurality of second spacers (9u) being arranged between the individual emitters (EE) and the second contact part (15). Incisions (17a) through which a cooling medium can flow are formed between each of the individual emitters (EE). The invention also relates to a device comprising at least one laser diode (2) of this type.

Abstract: An excitation unit for a fiber laser having an excitation fiber and forming a two-dimensional or three-dimensional structure in a resonator region of the fiber laser. In cross-section, the excitation fiber has an active fiber core, a pump cladding that surrounds the active core, a quartz glass casing that surrounds the pump cladding, and at least one cover. The resonator region is equipped with a base plate having a plurality of excitation housings, each housing delimiting a gas-tight excitation chamber. The excitation fiber runs through each excitation chamber and is held in holding units. The excitation chambers are formed in an elliptical manner. The excitation housings are provided with a translucent window, and a transversal pump light source is arranged in the region of each translucent window such that a pump light that leaves the pump light source impinges the longitudinal axis of the excitation fiber in a perpendicular manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laser diode (2) comprising a plurality of individual emitters (EE) constructed on a substrate (8), said laser diode (2) comprising a housing which consists of a first contact part (13), a second contact part (15), an optical element (19b), a backplate (12) and two side pieces (11), with a plurality of first spacers (9o) being arranged between the substrate (8) and the first contact part (13) and a plurality of second spacers (9u) being arranged between the individual emitters (EE) and the second contact part (15). Incisions (17a) through which a cooling medium can flow are formed between each of the individual emitters (EE). The invention also relates to a device comprising at least one laser diode (2) of this type.

Abstract: An excitation unit for a fiber laser having an excitation fiber and forming a two-dimensional or three-dimensional structure in a resonator region of the fiber laser. In cross-section, the excitation fiber has an active fiber core, a pump cladding that surrounds the active core, a quartz glass casing that surrounds the pump cladding, and at least one cover. The resonator region is equipped with a base plate having a plurality of excitation housings, each housing delimiting a gas-tight excitation chamber. The excitation fiber runs through each excitation chamber and is held in holding units. The excitation chambers are formed in an elliptical manner. The excitation housings are provided with a translucent window, and a transversal pump light source is arranged in the region of each translucent window such that a pump light that leaves the pump light source impinges the longitudinal axis of the excitation fiber in a perpendicular manner.

Abstract: A plug part for an optical waveguide (8), comprising an essentially cylindrical housing (10), at least one inlet opening (17) and at least one outlet opening (18) for a cooling medium, and a cooling collar (12) which is disposed inside the housing (10) and cools an optical waveguide (8) located in the housing (10) at least along one section (b) of the length thereof. The disclosed plug part includes a protective glass (14), across at least almost the entire internal surface of which the cooling medium flows, is provided at one end of the housing, the front of the optical waveguide (8) also being impinged upon by the cooling medium. An embodiment of a plug part for an optical waveguide (8) includes an inserted tube element (19) which divides a cooling medium flow that circulates through housing (10) into a first and a second individual flow channel (KS1, KS2).

Abstract: Plug connector for an optical fiber, provided with a housing (15a, 15b, 9), in which at least two sleeves (10, 13) are located, the first sleeve (10) being fixed to a first housing part (15a) and the second sleeve (13) being fixed to a second housing part (15b), the first sleeve (10) engaging with a cladding (B) on the optical fiber and the second sleeve (13) engaging with a jacket (D) of the optical fiber, wherein, between the sleeves (10, 13), a length (Z) of the optical fiber is defined, in which the optical fiber is provided with the jacket (D), the curvature of the optical fiber may change in this region and the jacket can be displaced in the axial direction relative to the cladding (B) and the sleeve (10) in this region.

Abstract: A plug part for an optical waveguide (8), comprising an essentially cylindrical housing (10), at least one inlet opening (17) and at least one outlet opening (18) for a cooling medium, and a cooling collar (12) which is disposed inside the housing (10) and cools an optical waveguide (8) located in the housing (10) at least along one section (b) of the length thereof. The disclosed plug part includes a protective glass (14), across at least almost the entire internal surface of which the cooling medium flows, is provided at one end of the housing, the front of the optical waveguide (8) also being impinged upon by the cooling medium. An embodiment of a plug part for an optical waveguide (8) includes an inserted tube element (19) which divides a cooling medium flow that circulates through housing (10) into a first and a second individual flow channel (KS1, KS2).

Abstract: Plug connector for an optical fiber, provided with a housing (15a, 15b, 9), in which at least two sleeves (10, 13) are located, the first sleeve (10) being fixed to a first housing part (15a) and the second sleeve (13) being fixed to a second housing part (15b), the first sleeve (10) engaging with a cladding (B) on the optical fiber and the second sleeve (13) engaging with a jacket (D) of the optical fiber, wherein, between the sleeves (10, 13), a length (Z) of the optical fiber is defined, in which the optical fiber is provided with the jacket (D), the curvature of the optical fiber may change in this region and the jacket can be displaced in the axial direction relative to the cladding (B) and the sleeve (10) in this region.

Abstract: The invention concerns permanent cell lines of human promyelocyte cells characteristic of acute promyelocytic leukemias, these cells being cytogenetically characterized by a translocation t(15;17), capable of indefinite proliferation in a culture medium. It also concerns the use of these cell lines, particularly for screening molecules capable of inducing cell maturation.

Abstract: Polyoxyalkylene-polysiloxane block copolymers are disclosed which exhibit an outstanding defoaming action and have the special advantage of not causing wetting defects when dispersions defoamed therewith are applied on a 2-dimensional substrate. Dispersions of polymeric organic substances, especially dispersions of vehicles, coating agents and adhesives are defoamed by the addition of 0.01 to 2.0% by weight, based on the dispersion to be defoamed, of a polyoxyalkylene-polysiloxane block copolymer of the formula,R.sup.1 O--A--[B--A--].sub.m R.sup.1whereinA is a polyoxyalkylene block with the average formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n O--)y, in which n has a value of 2.8 to 4.0 and y a value of 15 to 100,B is a polysiloxane block of the average formula, ##STR1## wherein the R.sup.2 groups are the same or different and represent an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a phenyl group, with the proviso that at least 90% of the R.sup.2 groups are methyl groups and x has a value of 10 to 100,R.sup.

Abstract: A composition useful for defoaming and/or deaerating liquid organic systems, such as crude oil, hydraulic oil, lacquer, varnish and paint is disclosed. The composition comprises(a) a polydiene of the general formula ##STR1## wherein Z=a chain-terminating groupR.sup.1 =hydrogen or methylR.sup.2 =alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenylR.sup.3 =the OR.sup.5 group, in which R.sup.5 =alkyl, the (C.sub.n H.sub.2n O).sub.m R.sup.6 group, in which R.sup.6 =alkyl, acyl or alkylaryl, n=2 or 3 and m.gtoreq.1, or the C.sub.p F.sub.2p+1 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 - group in which p=4 to 16, ##STR2## R.sup.7 =alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl, q.gtoreq.3, x,y.gtoreq.0,z.gtoreq.3,a=0 to 2,b=0 to 2, anda+b.ltoreq.2, and(b) an organic solvent in which the polydiene is dissolved. A method of deformation and/or deaerating organic systems with such polydienes is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are pour point depressants of the general, average formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is alkyl with 18 to 36 carbon atoms with the proviso, that at least 40% of the alkyl groups have at least 22 carbon atoms,R.sup.2 is hydrogen, methyl or an entity containing polar groups, it being possible for R.sup.2 to have different meanings within the average molecule,N.gtoreq.30 andM=0 to n/2.Also disclosed are crude oils containing from 0.005 to 0.15 weight percent of the above compounds and a process for reducing the pour point of crude oils by incorporating therein said compounds, optionally in a solvent.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl with 1 to 8 carbon atoms,R.sup.2 is --O-- or --(CH.sub.2).sub.p O--, in which p=2, 3 or 4,R.sup.3 is hydrogen, alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or acyl,n is 40 to 60m is 0 to 3,x and y being selected so that the molecular weight of the polyoxyalkylene block is 1400 to 3000 and the molar ratio of x:y is 0.8 to 2.2, are added to coating compositions, such as paint, varnish or lacquer, in amounts of 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, based on the coating composition. This improves the scratch resistance and the sliding ability of the cured coatings.

Abstract: Polysiloxanes of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is the same or different and represents alkyl or phenyl,R.sup.2 is the same as R.sup.1 or represents the C.sub.n F.sub.2n+1 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 O--, in which n is a whole number from 4 to 16, with the proviso that no more than 90% of R.sup.2 has the meaning of R.sup.1,andx=5 to 100 andy=0 to 10.The polysiloxanes are effective defoamers of preparations containing organic solvents or of crude oil and may be synthesized from preferably equilibrated hydrogensiloxanes by reaction with C.sub.n F.sub.2n+1 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 OH.

Abstract: Alkoxysiloxanes of the general formula ##STR1## are disclosed wherein R.sup.1 is methyl or ##STR2## and/or ##STR3## the sum of the units a being 0 to 100, the sum of the units b being 0 to 15, with the proviso that the ratio of methyl to alkoxy groups in R.sup.1 is less than 50:1, and that b.gtoreq.1 when a=0 and a.gtoreq.5 when b=0.The compounds may be synthesized by known methods from halogen- or alkoxysiloxanes, the alkoxy group of which has 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The compounds are effective deaerating agents for curable resins and plastisols. The invention is also directed to compositions containing the novel deaerating compounds as well as to methods for deaerating coating systems.

Abstract: The use of fluorinated norbornylsiloxanes of the general formula ##STR1## in which R is a hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl radical;R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 are the same or different and represent hydrogen or methyl radicals;R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, fluorine radicals, hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or fluorinated hydrocarbon radicals with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one of the R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 radicals must be a fluorine or a fluorinated hydrocarbon radical,Y is an organosiloxanyl radical,A is a divalent hydrocarbon radical or an oxygen radical, anda is 0, 1 or 2for defoaming freshly extracted degassing crude oil. The compounds are highly effective and show a broader area of application for defoaming degassing crude oils of different origins.

Abstract: An arrangement for the preparation of a body cross-section image in which the picture elements of the body cross-section image are derived from the absorption of ionizing rays which penetrate the corresponding body elements in the body cross-sectional plane sequentially in different directions with the output signals of a multiplicity of detectors coupled as the input signal to electronic circuitry, an electronic switch is associated with each of the individual detectors and the control electrodes of all switches connected to a respective output shift register. A common load resistor is associated with all detectors, the voltage of the load resistor being provided as the input signal to the electronic circuitry so as to require only a single, common output line for the output signals of all detectors which must be brought out of the image convertor.