Abstract: The present invention is directed to a gudgeon pin for internal combustion engines, which gudgeon pin consists of case-hardened steel and is characterized in that a ratio of a residual wall thickness of the gudgeon pin to an overall thickness of a case-hardened layer is <2, and a ratio of the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the gudgeon pin is >60%. Furthermore, the present invention is directed to a system comprising the gudgeon pin according to the invention and a piston, wherein the piston has a piston boss with a transverse ovality which corresponds with an ovalization of the gudgeon pin under maximum ignition pressure. The invention also comprises an engine, in particular an internal combustion engine, having the gudgeon pin or the system comprising the gudgeon pin and the piston, and a use thereof for engines, in particular internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The invention relates to a piston (10) for an internal combustion engine, comprising a piston crown (22), a cylindrical piston head (11), which adjoins the piston crown (22), and an at least partially hollow piston skirt (40), which is formed on the piston head (11) on the side facing away from the piston crown (22) and which has two opposite skirt wall segments (50) and two opposite connecting walls (60) that connect the skirt wall segments (50), wherein the connecting walls (60) each have a pin bore (61), wherein the piston head (11) has an annular cooling channel (18), which has at least one inlet opening (28) and at least one outlet opening (30), and the two skirt wall segments (50) widen toward the piston head (11) in such a way that the sector length (L1) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) formed on the piston head (11) is greater than the sector length (L2) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) facing away from the piston head (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a piston (10) for an internal combustion engine, comprising a piston crown (22), a cylindrical piston head (11), which adjoins the piston crown (22), and an at least partially hollow piston skirt (40), which is formed on the piston head (11) on the side facing away from the piston crown (22) and which has two opposite skirt wall segments (50) and two opposite connecting walls (60) that connect the skirt wall segments (50), wherein the connecting walls (60) each have a pin bore (61), wherein the piston head (11) has an annular cooling channel (18), which has at least one inlet opening (28) and at least one outlet opening (30), and the two skirt wall segments (50) widen toward the piston head (11) in such a way that the sector length (L1) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) formed on the piston head (11) is greater than the sector length (L2) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) facing away from the piston head (11).

Abstract: A cylindrical piston for internal combustion engines, comprising a piston crown and a piston base, in the piston base a hollow space being provided, and in a piston base wall forming the hollow space pinholes being provided, characterized in that the outer circumferential surface in at least the piston base at least one oil guide is provided, the direction thereof having an axial component relative to the piston axis and the oil guide extending from the piston crown in the direction of a pinhole.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of oxyalkylated fatty amines and fatty amines of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which A is a radical of the formula (II)-(V) ##STR2## in which R is C.sub.6 -C.sub.22 -alkyl, x is a number from 5 to 40,y is a number from 5 to 70 and z is 0-70% by weight of ethylene oxide, based on compounds of the formula (I) having x ethylene oxide units and y propylene oxide units, as demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors and/or pour point depressants in crude oils.

Abstract: In the process described, esterification products of an oxyalkylated primary fatty amine and 0.5 to 1.5 mol per mole of fatty amine of a simple dicarboxylic acid or of a dicarboxylic acid from the group comprising dimeric fatty acids are employed as emulsion breakers.

Abstract: The novel glycidyl ether addition products are obtained by esterification of a diol compound, selected from the group comprising linear oxyalkylates and other amine-free aliphatic diols, and an addition compound of polyether block polymers and glycidyl ethers with dicarboxylic acids. They are advantageously employed for demulsifying crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: A process for the separation of crude oil emulsions of the water-in-oil typeIn the novel process addition products made from certain ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymers and certain polyglycidyl ethers of phenol/formaldehyde condensation products are added to the crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: Branched, quaternary polyoxyalkylene copolyesters are described which are prepared by esterifying an oxyalkylated primary fatty amine and an at least trihydric oxyalkylated alkanol or an oxyalkylated polyamine using a dicarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic anhydride with polycondensation, and quaternizing the esterification product obtained using ethylene oxide or propylene oxide in the presence of a mineral acid or carboxylic acid. The novel, branched, quaternary polyoxyalkylene copolyesters are used as demulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors in the processing of crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: Branched polyoxyalkylene copolyesters are described which are prepared by esterifying an oxyalkylated primary fatty amine and an at least trihydric oxyalkylated alkanol or an oxyalkylated polyamine using a dicarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic anhydride with polycondensation. The novel branched polyoxyalkylene copolyesters are used as demulsifiers for breaking crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: Oxalkylated polyester-amines which are prepared by esterifying, with polycondensation, an oxalkylated primary fatty amine with a diol and with a dicarboxylic acid, are described. These polyester-amines are used as demulsifiers for breaking crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: Quaternary oxalkylated polycondensates are described; these are prepared by esterifying, with polycondensation, an oxalkylated primary fatty amine with a diol and with a dicarboxylic acid, and oxalkylating the resulting reaction product in the presence of a carboxylic acid. These polycondensates are used as demulsifiers for breaking crude oil emulsion and as corrosion inhibitors in plants for the recovery and treatment of natural gas and crude oil.

Abstract: The separation of oil-in-water emulsions can be considerably improved if an effective amount of a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, which contains in addition 5 to 10% by weight of residual monomer, is added as a demulsifying substance.

Abstract: A process for improving the flow properties of mineral oils by adding a copolymer consisting of from 66 to 99.9 weight % of ethylene and of from 0.1 to 40 weight % of vinylic acid amide and optionally of further comonomers.

Abstract: The new petroleum breakers are obtained by subjecting (a) an addition reaction product which has been obtained by reacting aliphatic aldehydes with phenol in a molar ratio of 1:1 to 3:1 at temperatures of 50.degree. to 80.degree. C. in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, to a condensation reaction at 80.degree. to 150.degree. C., after prior neutralization and, if appropriate, in the presence of inert solvents, with (b) a block polymer which has been prepared by reacting polypropylene glycols having molecular weights of 1,300 to 3,000 with 20 to 100% by weight of ethylene oxide in the presence of alkaline catalysts, in a ratio of 0.5 to 4 moles of (a) to 1 mole of (b), and removing the water of the reaction which is formed, and (c) adding on 10 to 400 g of propylene oxide, relative to 100 g of condensation product, or 10 to 200 g of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in a ratio of 1:0.

Abstract: Use of surface-active neutral salts of sulfonic acids of the formula I ##STR1## wherein A stands for a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical or an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having one olefinic double bond each having 3 carbon atoms, or a mononuclear or binuclear aromatic radical, especially phenyl or naphthyl, C.sub.6 H.sub.2 or C.sub.10 H.sub.4, R.sub.1 stands for alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 21 carbon atoms, especially 1 to 18 carbon atoms and R.sub.2 and R.sub.