Abstract: The invention relates to a method for calibrating a THz measuring apparatus (8), in particular a pipe, on a measurement object (10), comprising at least the following steps: providing a THz measuring apparatus (8) having a plurality of pivotable THz sensors (1), arranged in a circumferential direction around a measuring chamber (9), for outputting one THz transmitted beam (12) each along a sensor axis (B) (provision step); orienting the THz sensors (1) into a starting position in the measuring chamber (9) in which the measurement object (10) is received (orientation step in starting position); allocating the THz sensors (1) to at least one first and one second sensor group (group formation step); first calibration adjustment step, in which the second sensor group is adjusted as an adjustment group by means of the first sensor group as a starting group, and corresponding second calibration adjustment step, in which the first sensor group is adjusted as an adjustment group by means of the previously calibration

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pneumatic suction conveying apparatus for conveying granulated bulk materials and a corresponding method, comprising a pump unit with a vacuum pump and a suction volume, at least two suction lines, which is connected to the suction volume and extends towards storage containers for receiving bulk materials, the suction lines each comprising a conveying hopper for separating the bulk material and a stop valve for blocking the suction line. Hereby, in the suction line there is each provided a closed control loop comprising an adjustable throttle valve and a flow sensor provided in the suction line, the control loop being adapted and designed to adjust the throttle valve depending on a measurement of the flow sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a THz measuring device for measuring a layer thickness of a wall (4a) of a measurement object (4) and/or of a distance (18) between boundary surfaces (4a, 4b) of a measurement object (4), comprising a transmitter and receiver unit (2) including a Terahertz-Sender and a Terahertz receiver, a controller means configured to determine the layer thickness of the wall (4a) of the measurement object (4) and/or a distance (18) between boundary surfaces (4b, 4c) of the measurement object (4) from a time-of-flight difference of the Terahertz radiation reflected on a first boundary surface (4b, 4c) of the wall (4a) of the measurement object (4) and the Terahertz radiation reflected on a second boundary surface (4b, 4c) of the wall (4a), where in the beam path (5) of the at least one transmitter and receiver unit (2) an adjustable optical unit (7) including a reflector is arranged, where a surface of the reflector is designed to deflect the irradiated Terahertz radiation and/or the Terahertz radi

Abstract: The invention relates to a THz sensor (2) for measuring an object to be measured (6), in particular, a pipe, the THz sensor (2) comprising: a THz transceiver (10) for emitting and receiving THz radiation, a lens (14) for bundling the THz radiation emitted by the THz transceiver (10) and emitting a THz transmission beam (8) along the optical axis (A) and for receiving a THz reflection beam (15), a support device (11), on which the lens (14) and/or the THz transceiver (10) is accommodated or fastened. Hereby, it is provided that a THz radiation-influencing compensation formation for modifying and/or reducing incident THz radiation is provided in a compensation area between the lens and the support device (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a THz measuring method for measuring a measured object (6), for example, a pipe made of a plastics or rubber, comprising a calibrating step for measuring an empty time of flight of at least one THz transmission beam through an empty path between a first measuring position (MP1) and a second measuring position (MP2) of a measuring region (4) without the measured object (6) and determining the empty path (s0), positioning a measured object (6) in the measuring region (4) between measuring positions (MP1, MP2), carrying out a first THz-measurement from the first measuring position (MP1) using a THz transmission beam (20-1) along a first optical axis (A) while measuring a first exterior time of flight (tL1) up to an exterior surface (6a) of the measured object (6), a first wall time of flight (tR1) through a first wall region of the measured object (6) and an interior time of flight (tL2, tL2_1) through an interior space (6c) of the measured object, carrying out a second THz-measuremen

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for vibration feeding of bulk material and a vibration feeder device provided for such purposes, comprising a material feed, a charging hopper including a hopper discharge, a feeder tray, a height adjustment means for adjusting a level height between the hopper discharge and the feeder tray, and a vibration driver for driving the feeder tray at an oscillation amplitude and an oscillation frequency, where a target material throughput and material specific parameters of the bulk material are input, initial parameters for the level height, oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequency are determined from these inputs, and subsequently the level height is adjusted by controlling the height adjustment means.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pneumatic suction conveying apparatus for conveying granulated bulk materials and a corresponding method, comprising a pump unit with a vacuum pump and a suction volume, at least two suction lines, which is connected to the suction volume and extends towards storage containers for receiving bulk materials, the suction lines each comprising a conveying hopper for separating the bulk material and a stop valve for blocking the suction line. Hereby, in the suction line there is each provided a closed control loop comprising an adjustable throttle valve and a flow sensor provided in the suction line, the control loop being adapted and designed to adjust the throttle valve depending on a measurement of the flow sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for calibrating a THz measuring apparatus (8), in particular a pipe, on a measurement object (10), comprising at least the following steps: providing a THz measuring apparatus (8) having a plurality of pivotable THz sensors (1), arranged in a circumferential direction around a measuring chamber (9), for outputting one THz transmitted beam (12) each along a sensor axis (B) (provision step); orienting the THz sensors (1) into a starting position in the measuring chamber (9) in which the measurement object (10) is received (orientation step in starting position); allocating the THz sensors (1) to at least one first and one second sensor group (group formation step); first calibration adjustment step, in which the second sensor group is adjusted as an adjustment group by means of the first sensor group as a starting group, and corresponding second calibration adjustment step, in which the first sensor group is adjusted as an adjustment group by means of the previously calibration

Abstract: The invention relates to a THz measuring device for measuring a layer thickness of a wall (4a) of a measurement object (4) and/or of a distance (18) between boundary surfaces (4a, 4b) of a measurement object (4), comprising a transmitter and receiver unit (2) including a Terahertz-Sender and a Terahertz receiver, a controller means configured to determine the layer thickness of the wall (4a) of the measurement object (4) and/or a distance (18) between boundary surfaces (4b, 4c) of the measurement object (4) from a time-of-flight difference of the Terahertz radiation reflected on a first boundary surface (4b, 4c) of the wall (4a) of the measurement object (4) and the Terahertz radiation reflected on a second boundary surface (4b, 4c) of the wall (4a), where in the beam path (5) of the at least one transmitter and receiver unit (2) an adjustable optical unit (7) including a reflector is arranged, where a surface of the reflector is designed to deflect the irradiated Terahertz radiation and/or the Terahertz radi

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for vibration feeding of bulk material and a vibration feeder device provided for such purposes, comprising a material feed, a charging hopper including a hopper discharge, a feeder tray, a height adjustment means for adjusting a level height between the hopper discharge and the feeder tray, and a vibration driver for driving the feeder tray at an oscillation amplitude and an oscillation frequency, where a target material throughput and material specific parameters of the bulk material are input, initial parameters for the level height, oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequency are determined from these inputs, and subsequently the level height is adjusted by controlling the height adjustment means.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a gudgeon pin for internal combustion engines, which gudgeon pin consists of case-hardened steel and is characterized in that a ratio of a residual wall thickness of the gudgeon pin to an overall thickness of a case-hardened layer is <2, and a ratio of the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the gudgeon pin is >60%. Furthermore, the present invention is directed to a system comprising the gudgeon pin according to the invention and a piston, wherein the piston has a piston boss with a transverse ovality which corresponds with an ovalization of the gudgeon pin under maximum ignition pressure. The invention also comprises an engine, in particular an internal combustion engine, having the gudgeon pin or the system comprising the gudgeon pin and the piston, and a use thereof for engines, in particular internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The invention relates to a piston (10) for an internal combustion engine, comprising a piston crown (22), a cylindrical piston head (11), which adjoins the piston crown (22), and an at least partially hollow piston skirt (40), which is formed on the piston head (11) on the side facing away from the piston crown (22) and which has two opposite skirt wall segments (50) and two opposite connecting walls (60) that connect the skirt wall segments (50), wherein the connecting walls (60) each have a pin bore (61), wherein the piston head (11) has an annular cooling channel (18), which has at least one inlet opening (28) and at least one outlet opening (30), and the two skirt wall segments (50) widen toward the piston head (11) in such a way that the sector length (L1) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) formed on the piston head (11) is greater than the sector length (L2) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) facing away from the piston head (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a piston (10) for an internal combustion engine, comprising a piston crown (22), a cylindrical piston head (11), which adjoins the piston crown (22), and an at least partially hollow piston skirt (40), which is formed on the piston head (11) on the side facing away from the piston crown (22) and which has two opposite skirt wall segments (50) and two opposite connecting walls (60) that connect the skirt wall segments (50), wherein the connecting walls (60) each have a pin bore (61), wherein the piston head (11) has an annular cooling channel (18), which has at least one inlet opening (28) and at least one outlet opening (30), and the two skirt wall segments (50) widen toward the piston head (11) in such a way that the sector length (L1) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) formed on the piston head (11) is greater than the sector length (L2) of the side of the skirt wall segment (50) facing away from the piston head (11).

Abstract: A cylindrical piston for internal combustion engines, comprising a piston crown and a piston base, in the piston base a hollow space being provided, and in a piston base wall forming the hollow space pinholes being provided, characterized in that the outer circumferential surface in at least the piston base at least one oil guide is provided, the direction thereof having an axial component relative to the piston axis and the oil guide extending from the piston crown in the direction of a pinhole.

Abstract: A cylindrical piston for internal combustion engines, comprising a piston crown and a piston base, in the piston base a hollow space being provided, and in a piston base wall forming the hollow space pinholes being provided, characterized in that the outer circumferential surface in at least the piston base at least one oil guide is provided, the direction thereof having an axial component relative to the piston axis and the oil guide extending from the piston crown in the direction of a pinhole.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of oxyalkylated fatty amines and fatty amines of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which A is a radical of the formula (II)-(V) ##STR2## in which R is C.sub.6 -C.sub.22 -alkyl, x is a number from 5 to 40,y is a number from 5 to 70 and z is 0-70% by weight of ethylene oxide, based on compounds of the formula (I) having x ethylene oxide units and y propylene oxide units, as demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors and/or pour point depressants in crude oils.

Abstract: In the process described, esterification products of an oxyalkylated primary fatty amine and 0.5 to 1.5 mol per mole of fatty amine of a simple dicarboxylic acid or of a dicarboxylic acid from the group comprising dimeric fatty acids are employed as emulsion breakers.

Abstract: The novel glycidyl ether addition products are obtained by esterification of a diol compound, selected from the group comprising linear oxyalkylates and other amine-free aliphatic diols, and an addition compound of polyether block polymers and glycidyl ethers with dicarboxylic acids. They are advantageously employed for demulsifying crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: A process for the separation of crude oil emulsions of the water-in-oil typeIn the novel process addition products made from certain ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymers and certain polyglycidyl ethers of phenol/formaldehyde condensation products are added to the crude oil emulsions.

Abstract: Branched, quaternary polyoxyalkylene copolyesters are described which are prepared by esterifying an oxyalkylated primary fatty amine and an at least trihydric oxyalkylated alkanol or an oxyalkylated polyamine using a dicarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic anhydride with polycondensation, and quaternizing the esterification product obtained using ethylene oxide or propylene oxide in the presence of a mineral acid or carboxylic acid. The novel, branched, quaternary polyoxyalkylene copolyesters are used as demulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors in the processing of crude oil emulsions.