Abstract: In an emergency medicine patient, accurate measurement of change or lack thereof from non-shock, non-ischemimc, non-inflammation, non-tissue injury, non-immune dysfunction conditions is important and is provided, as practical, real-time approaches for accurately characterizing a patient's condition, using Raman spectroscopy with a high degree of accuracy, Resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to monitor tissue nitric oxide activity either in vivo or in vitro, especially as a function of its interaction with hemoglobin or other metalloproteins. Measurement times are on the order of seconds. High-accuracy measurement is achieved with Raman spectroscopy interrogation of tissue. Measurements may be non-invasive to minimally invasive. The invention may be used to monitor the effect of instituting therapies using nitric oxide or disease processes that produce nitric oxide.

Abstract: A gyroscope which comprises a gyroscopic element mounted to a base which is mounted coaxially to a spin motor. Preferably at least one hinge is between the gyroscopic element and the base. There is at least one piezoelectric crystal, preferably a bender element, having a base end, an outer end. A bender element provides an electrical signal as a function of bending. The base end of the crystal can be connected to the base and the crystal extends from the base with the crystal having a major plane transverse to the spin axis. The outer end of the crystal is connected to the gyroscopic element via a crystal restraint having a degree of freedom of movement parallel to the spin axis. Preferably, the crystal restraint is a wire connected on one end to the crystal and on the opposite end to the gyroscopic element. The restraint wire is preferably parallel to the spin axis.

Abstract: In a multisensor assembly for detecting angular rates and linear accelerations, a diamond-shaped piezoelectric crystal beam is used to restrain a gyroscopic element to a base of the multisensor assembly. The diamond-shaped piezoelectric crystal is fixed to both the gyroscopic element and the base of the assembly by means of wires in an orientation orthogonal to the hinge axis and the spin axis of the assembly. This allows the piezoelectric crystal to experience only one degree of freedom. To improve the accuracy of the output electrical signal, oblong electrodes are placed on opposite surfaces of the piezoelectric crystal beam.

Abstract: A navigation sensor, including a gyroscopic element, which has a spin axis, and which has flexure hinge for resiliently mounting the element on a base, and a torque sensing assembly, which has a first piezoelectric beam that is mounted in coaxial relation to the spin axis, and which has a first beam restraining member that mounts a first edge portion of the first piezoelectric beam, and which has a second beam restraining member that mounts an opposite edge portion of the first piezoelectric beam. The first piezoelectric beam is adapted to generate an electrical signal proportional to the angular velocity of the navigation sensor about an axis perpendicular to the spin axis.

Abstract: An angular velocity sensing device having a pair of bendable piezoelectric crystal members encounters undesirable effects due to linear acceleration. To buck out the sensing device signal component representing this effect, a compensating device having its own piezoelectric bendable crystal is mounted to the same spin axis shaft as the angular velocity device, in fixed offset relationship thereto, so that it generates a buck out signal in phase with the undesired signal component from the angular velocity sensing device.

Abstract: A laser weapon simulator target apparatus is provided having a conventional target formed of a material translucent to a laser wavelength and a laser radiation detector positioned behind the target on one end portion thereof and facing in a generally parallel direction to the back of the target so that scattered radiation from a laser beam penetrating the target will be received by the radiation detector to indicate a laser beam hitting the target. The target may have a back enclosure to prevent radiation that misses the target being reflected back onto the detector. The target allows a single laser radiation detector to be utilized and at the same time allows the target to be used for live rounds or with a laser weapon simulator without changing the target.

Abstract: A multiple sensing device has sensors, mounted on a common rotatable shaft, for sensing magnetic field, electric field, gas flow, angular acceleration and linear acceleration. The latter three of the sensing devices employ piezo electric crystals as the sensors, while the magnetic field sensor employs a pair of rotating coils and the electric sensing device employs a pair of rotating electrodes.

Abstract: A multiple sensing device has sensors, mounted on a common rotatable shaft, for sensing magnetic field, electric field, gas flow, angular acceleration and linear acceleration. The latter three of the sensing devices employ piezo electric crystals as the sensors, while the magnetic field sensor employs a pair of rotating coils and the electric sensing device employs a pair of rotating electrodes.