Abstract: A photovoltaic module has at least one solar cell, wherein the solar cell is enclosed by an encapsulation apparatus, and an electrolysis unit for dehumidifying the interior of the encapsulation apparatus. The electrolysis unit has a cathode, an anode, and an ion conductor connecting the cathode and the anode. The electrolysis unit is designed to cleave water in hydrogen and oxygen. A method for dehumidifying a photovoltaic module is accomplished by the electrolysis unit.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device having a perovskite PV cell wherein the PV device operates, for example during start-up, initially in a bias-voltage operating mode, in which a bias voltage is applied to the perovskite PV cell of the PV device. The bias voltage or the energy needed for same can advantageously be drawn from the power electronics associated with the perovskite PV cell.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module has at least one solar cell, wherein the solar cell is enclosed by an encapsulation apparatus, and an electrolysis unit for dehumidifying the interior of the encapsulation apparatus. The electrolysis unit has a cathode, an anode, and an ion conductor connecting the cathode and the anode. The electrolysis unit is designed to cleave water in hydrogen and oxygen. A method for dehumidifying a photovoltaic module is accomplished by the electrolysis unit.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and system provides output data, wherein the output data includes a performance value of a perovskite-based solar cell. The method includes: (i) receiving input data, wherein the input data includes data from electrical impedance spectroscopy carried out on the solar cell or parts thereof, (ii) applying a trained function to the input data, wherein the output data is generated and (iii) providing the output data. A computer-implemented method also provides a trained function which is able to predict a performance value of a perovskite-based solar cell based on electrical impedance spectroscopy carried out on the solar cell or parts thereof.

Abstract: A method for operating a photovoltaic module in which the photovoltaic module has at least one perovskite solar cell. The method includes temporarily operating the photovoltaic module at the maximum power point by a control device connected to the photovoltaic module, wherein the drawing of electrical energy is interrupted when the irradiance of electromagnetic radiation impinging on the photovoltaic module falls below a predetermined threshold value. A photovoltaic device includes a photovoltaic module having at least one perovskite solar cell, and a control device connected to the photovoltaic module.

Abstract: A method for control of a cooling device for the active cooling of a perovskite solar cell, wherein the perovskite solar cell is part of a perovskite photovoltaic module. The method includes determining a measure of the internal temperature of the perovskite solar cell and activating the cooling device when the determined measure of the internal temperature of the perovskite solar cell is greater than a corresponding measure of a predetermined temperature threshold value. A photovoltaic apparatus having a perovskite photovoltaic module includes at least one perovskite solar cell, and a cooling device for the active cooling of the perovskite solar cell.

Abstract: An arrangement includes a solar cell and a covering, wherein the covering covers the solar cell, at least on the side that is intended to be exposed to electromagnetic radiation of the sun. The covering has an electrochromic layer. The arrangement also has a control unit for controlling the electrochromic layer. The control unit is designed to control the transmittance of the electrochromic layer for electromagnetic radiation in a defined wavelength range by applying an electrical voltage to the electrochromic layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device having a perovskite PV cell having reduced aging. The internal temperature of the perovskite PV cell, or a measure thereof, is determined using a measurement of an electrical parameter. In the case that it is detected that the corresponding measured value exceeds a threshold value, i.e., that the internal temperature is too high, the operating conditions of the perovskite PV cell are adjusted to the effect that the internal temperature reduces again. This can be achieved, for example, by an input resistance of power electronics of the perovskite PV cell being adjusted such that lower ohmic losses occur, as a result of the correspondingly altered electric currents.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device having a perovskite PV cell wherein the PV device operates, for example during start-up, initially in a bias-voltage operating mode, in which a bias voltage is applied to the perovskite PV cell of the PV device. The bias voltage or the energy needed for same can advantageously be drawn from the power electronics associated with the perovskite PV cell.

Abstract: The teachings of present disclosure may be embodied in gas sensors for detecting oxygen and methods for detecting oxygen in a gas mixture. For example, a gas sensor for detecting oxygen in a gas mixture may include: an oxygen ion conductor; at least two electrodes arranged on the oxygen ion conductor, the at least two of the electrodes arranged to come into contact with the gas mixture during operation of the gas sensor; a control device applying a polarization voltage or a polarization current to the at least two electrodes during a polarization period; a measuring device for measuring the current or the voltage at the at least two electrodes; and an evaluation device for calculating the oxygen content from the measured voltage or the measured current. Calculating the oxygen content may be based on: a current measured during the polarization period, or a charge which has flowed over the polarization period, or a voltage measured directly after the polarization period.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting nitrogen oxides in a gas mixture may include at least two electrodes of the same material arranged on an oxygen ion conductor. When the gas sensor is operated, both electrodes come into contact with the gas mixture. The gas sensor is then heated from a first temperature to a second temperature. The second temperature of the gas sensor is maintained for a maximum of 15 minutes. The gas sensor is then cooled from the second temperature to the first temperature. During the heating, maintaining and/or cooling of the temperature, a cyclical polarisation is performed with alternating polarity including a polarisation voltage below the reduction voltage of the oxygen ion conductor.

Abstract: A gas sensor, for example for use in air conditioning systems, has a gas-sensitive layer that includes a material that is sensitive to carbon dioxide. The material has a cross-sensitivity to air humidity. This is compensated for by measurement at two different temperatures. The measured gas values are calculated together, with the assumption that the sensitivity of the gas sensor to carbon dioxide exhibits a different curve with the temperature of the gas sensor than the sensitivity to water.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting nitrogen oxides in a gaseous mixture, including an oxygen ion conductor and at least two electrodes mounted on the oxygen ion conductor, the electrodes consisting of the same material, and wherein the gas sensor is designed so that during operation of the gas sensor both electrodes come into contact with the gaseous mixture.

Abstract: An assembly for the extraction of respiratory gas samples may include a container for receiving a respiratory gas sample, a piston arranged in the container in a movable and gas-sealing manner, and a gas feed into the container, which gas feed can be connected to a mouthpiece.

Abstract: A device for the gas analysis of a gas mixture includes a converter configured to convert a first gas component into a target gas component, a sensor system configured to detect the target gas component or another component of the gas mixture after the conversion by the converter, and an evaluating apparatus. The converter is further configured to change the concentration of a second gas component or to cause a conversion to a second target gas component. The sensor system is configured to determine the concentration of the second gas component or of the second target gas component. The evaluating apparatus is configured to determine a value for the aging of the converter on the basis of the concentration of the second gas component or of the second target gas component.

Abstract: A method for optimizing a gas conversion rate in a respiratory gas analyzer, more particularly for nitric oxide (NO) in the respiratory gas, and an associated device are disclosed.

Abstract: Volatile organic compounds or oxidizing gases are detected when the work function of a metal-organic framework is measured to produce a sensor signal.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an operating method for a gas sensor, in particular a gas sensor for detecting asthma. According to said method, nitrogen monoxide or nitrogen dioxide is detected in a measuring phase and the gas sensor is heated by a heating device in a desorption phase in order to accelerate desorption. The heating process is continued until the temporal alteration of the measuring signal of the gas sensor falls below a threshold value.

Abstract: A device for measuring the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the respiratory air of a patient includes a nitrogen dioxide sensor and a converter. The sensor is arranged between an inlet opening and an outlet opening of the device. The converter, for oxidation of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide, is arranged between the inlet opening and the sensor such that the device can be switched to at least two states. In a first state, a fluidic connection is present between the inlet opening and the sensor but does not lead through the converter. In a second state, a fluidic connection is present between the inlet opening and the sensor and leads through the converter.

Abstract: A multifunctional control valve for gas measurement instruments, e.g., for respiratory gas analysis, is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, the multifunctional control valve includes a first inlet opening, an outlet opening, a main line, and a bypass line, wherein a measurement chamber is in the main line, wherein the measurement chamber is arranged downstream of a first multiway valve which can selectively connect the main line or the bypass line with the inlet opening, and wherein the measurement chamber is arranged upstream of a second multiway valve which can selectively connect the main line or the bypass line with the outlet opening.