Abstract: A method and apparatus for encoding/decoding of background sounds. The background sounds are encoded/decoded in a digital frame based speech encoder/decoder. First, it is determined whether the signal that is directed to the encoder/decoder represents primarily speech or background sounds. When the signal directed to the encoder/decoder represents primarily background sounds, the temporal variation between consecutive frames and/or the domain of at least one filter defining parameter is restricted.

Abstract: A receiver in a frame based radio communication system includes a speech decoder of the source-filter type which is controlled by internal state variable updated on a frame by frame basis for modifying received filter parameters representing background sounds transmitted over a communication channel. The receiver detects frames containing transmission errors, decides whether a frame in which transmission errors have been detected is acceptable, and conceals the detected transmission errors by restricting updating of at least one of the internal state variables if the detected frame is declared non-acceptable.

Abstract: A receiver in a frame based radio communication system includes a speech decoder of the source-filter type which is controlled by internal state variables updated on a frame by frame basis for modifying received filter defining parameters representing background sounds transmitted over a communication channel. The receiver detects frame loss and conceals the effects of frame loss by restricting updating of at least one of the internal state variables.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for improving the decoding of audio signals is disclosed. In a receiver of a frame based radio communication system, rejected frames are concealed according to a first algorithm if the last accepted frame was a speech frame and according to a second algorithm if the last accepted frame was a frame containing background sounds.

Abstract: A method and a device for bending a rod-shaped link blank into a substantially closed chain link, particularly while at the same time hooking the link blank into a chain end. According to the invention, the blank is brought into a first receiving position with one of its end portions located between, on the one hand, two rotatable abutment rollers disposed at a distance from each other and, on the other hand, a bending tool movable back and forth transversely between said abutment rollers. The bending tool is then brought to a position between the two rollers so as to bend said one end portion of the link blank.

Abstract: A device for inserting a link stud into a chain link to permit subsequent fastening of the link stud in the chain link in the region of the stud and/or by welding same. According to the invention, a pivotably mounted arm is arranged in operative connection to a stud fastening station, the arm carrying at its free end an operable holding means for holding said link stud and being pivotable back and forth between a collecting position adjacent a link stud feeding device and a delivery position adjacent the stud fastening station, and the holding means is resiliently mounted at the free end of the arm so as to enable guiding of the holding means into a well-defined position relative to a chain link situated in the stud fastening station.

Abstract: A method and a device for revolving the last chain link element of a freely hanging chain end. The chain link element is brought into contact with at least one rotating roller located under the chain end, said roller carrying the chain link element while making it rotate in its plane.