Abstract: The invention relates to a process and control circuits for generating defined actuating forces for a brake that is actuated electrically by means of an actuator or electric motor, wherein a first relationship exists between the actuator position and the torque generated by the actuator when the brake is applied and a second relationship exists between the actuator position and the torque generated by the actuator when the brake is released, defining such relationships make it possible to determine the actuating forces occurring during operation without any additional sensors. For this purpose, the present invention proposes that the actuator torques resulting from the first and second relationships be evaluated for determining the efficiency.

Abstract: A heating system is controlled in response to the external temperature in accordance with a heating curve in which the external temperature is related to the advance heating temperature of a fluid used in heating the space. According to the invention, the heating curve is optimized automatically by approximating it with a heating curve equation having at least one parameter which is calculated at least in part from measured instantaneous values of the advance heating temperature, the external temperature or the room temperature, or values representing temperature differential such as the difference between the external temperature and the room temperature and the difference between the room temperature and the advance heating temperature. From these values, a parameter of the heating curve equation is calculated by an estimation method, e.g.