Abstract: In some examples, a load adapter may include a body including an elongated shaft that includes an inlet passage that is in fluid communication with at least one outlet hole. The at least one outlet hole may be dimensioned to provide an opening area that is between approximately 5% to approximately 90% of a face of the body.

Abstract: A chromatography column includes a first flow distributor, a second flow distributor, and a media chamber having an inlet and an outlet. The second flow distributor is different from the first flow distributor. The first flow distributor is secured to the inlet of the media chamber and the second flow distributor is secured to the outlet of the media chamber.

Abstract: A chromatography column includes a tube, a fit assembly, a first end fitting and a second end fitting. An annular protrusion extends from an end face of the tube to a protrusion height and circumscribes a chamber in fluid communication with the axial bore. Both the chamber and the bore may be filled with a packing material. The fit assembly includes a deformable ring having a yield strength less than a yield strength of the annular protrusion. The ring contacts the annular protrusion such that the frit assembly provides a chamber boundary that retains the packing material. The first end fitting is securely fastened to the tube such that the ring is axially compressed and deformed around the annular protrusion, the chamber height is less than the protrusion height, and the packing material is compressed.

Abstract: A chromatography column includes a tube, a fit assembly, a first end fitting and a second end fitting. An annular protrusion extends from an end face of the tube to a protrusion height and circumscribes a chamber in fluid communication with the axial bore. Both the chamber and the bore may be filled with a packing material. The fit assembly includes a deformable ring having a yield strength less than a yield strength of the annular protrusion. The ring contacts the annular protrusion such that the frit assembly provides a chamber boundary that retains the packing material. The first end fitting is securely fastened to the tube such that the ring is axially compressed and deformed around the annular protrusion, the chamber height is less than the protrusion height, and the packing material is compressed.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjusting the output torque, or the output power, of a continuously variable transmission in vehicles propelled by combustion engines to a predetermined value, has a calculating unit (15) for setting a target value for the output torque or power M ab Soll as a function of an accelerator position (14;2) and vehicle speed (nab). An engine torque target value is calculated (units 18, 19, 20) as a function of the so value and an actual or instantaneous transmission ratio value or speed (u n ist). Target values of a transmission ratio are calculated in a unit (16), including a look-up table or an algorithm for storing or calculating transmission ratio values as a function of transmission output speed and of the accelerator pedal position (14;2) or the transmission output torque target value in accordance with a predeterminable engine operating strategy (e.g. optimum fuel efficiency, or performance, or driving comfort.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an control system for a motor vehicle and includes: a plurality of control elements coacting for carrying out control tasks with reference to engine power, drive power and braking operation, respectively, and a plurality of coordinating elements for coordinating the coaction of the first elements to effect a control of operating performance of the motor vehicle in correspondence to a request of the driver. The elements are arranged in the form of a plurality of hierarchial levels. At least one of the coordinating elements of one of the hierarchial levels is adapted for acting on the elements of an adjacent hierarchial level when translating the request of the driver into a corresponding operating performance of the motor vehicle thereby acting on a pregiven subordinate system of the driver-vehicle system while providing the performance required from the higher hierarchial level for this subordinate system.

Abstract: A safety circuit arrangement for the high-voltage generator of an electrostatic filter, in particular of an electrostatic soot trap for diesel internal-combustion engines including a grounded filter housing and a filter electrode, has a power supply (15) which is connected to the high voltage generator (20) via controllable switching means (34). A and a shielded high-voltage cable (17), the high-voltage line (18) of which connects an output (24) of the high-voltage generator (20) to the filter electrode (14). To eliminate the risk to people caused by components carrying high voltage, the shield (19) of the high-voltage cable (17) is connected at one end to the filter housing (11), and at the other end to a control device (25) in such a way that an interruption of the shield (19) leads to the generation of a control signal for the switching means.

Abstract: In a coagulator for systems for the purifying of exhaust gases of fossil fuels, in particular of exhaust gases from diesel internal-combustion engines, which has a housing (10), poled as counter-electrode, an electrode (11) arranged concentrically in the housing (10) and at high volotage and an electrically heatable insulator (13) for the insulated leading of the electrode (11) through the housing (10), the insulator (13) is designed in two parts for achieving a great high voltage resistance with relatively small overall dimensions and consists of a ceramic inner tube (17) and a ceramic protective tube (18) surrounding the latter. The heating conductor track (19) required for heating is applied in the shape of a coil as a thick-film conductor to the circumference of the inner tube (17) and the protective tube (18) is sintered on to the inner tube (17) in such a way that the parting line (14) between inner and protective tube (17, 18) is gas-tight (FIG. 1).

Abstract: A device for removing solid particles, in particular soot particles, from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines includes a centrifugal separator or cyclone 11 to separate the untreated gas flow 10 into coaxially removed pure gas flow 23 and a particle-enriched carrier gas flow 24 and includes a combustion device 12 for burning the solid particles carried in the carrier gas flow.

Abstract: For generating an electrostatic field, a coagulator for an exhaust gas scrubbing system for internal combustion engines has an electrode, which extends in an insulated manner within a housing. The electrode is braced on the housing via at least one insulator. To prevent the formation of a short-circuiting bridge between the electrode and the housing as a consequence of the deposition of so-called agglomerates on the insulator surface, the insulator is heated to a surface temperature of over 400.degree. C. In order to attain an extremely compact insulator and so that heating it will require little energy, the insulator is embodied in disk-like fashion and has a spiral heating conduit, through which hot gases flow, disposed in its interior. The hot gases are diverted from a partial flow of the engine exhaust gas, or are drawn from the exhaust gas of a soot burner.

Abstract: A pilot burner for a device for burning off solid particles, especially soot particles, in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines has a hollow-cylindrical mixture preparation chamber receiving a glow element and extending eccentrically thereto a hollow-cylindrical glow plug receiving chamber. The two chambers communicate with one another via an opening formed by piercing the chamber walls. A fuel inflow line discharges in the receiving chamber and an air supply line discharges into the preparation chamber. To improve the mixture preparation and largely avoid carbonization of the glow plug, the air supply line discharges into two inflow openings having a tangential direction; one inflow opening is located opposite the opening between the two chambers, and the other inflow opening is located near the end face of the preparation chamber having a mixture outlet opening. In obth inflow openings, the combustion air is introduced in the same direction.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing solid particles, especially soot particles, from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine includes a separator that divides the flow of exhaust gases into a largely particle-free primary flow and a particle-enriched secondary flow. The secondary flow is delivered to a disposal device, which has a combustion chamber and a pilot burner for producing a flame that burns off the solid particles. To improve the efficiency of the apparatus by reducing the heating output required, a filter is provided in the combustion chamber, which divides the combustion chamber into a filter pre-chamber and after-chamber. The burnoff flame of the pilot burner burns into the filter pre-chamber, and the burnoff gases are removed via an outlet opening disposed in the filter after-chamber. The secondary exhaust gas flow is delivered to the filter pre-chamber with a tangential inflow direction.

Abstract: A soot reservoir for an exhaust gas scrubbing system for an internal combustion engine has a housing, having an inlet for introducing a soot-laden carrier flow diverted from the exhaust gas flow and an outlet for the escape of the scrubbed carrier flow, a soot filter disposed between the inlet and outlet for retaining soot particles, and a removable collecting container for receiving the trapped soot. To attain a large storage capacity of the collecting container, a number of compacting balls are placed loosely in it. Hopping and rolling movements of the balls caused by the motion of the vehicle driven by the engine produce a considerable increase in the settled apparent density of the soot deposited in the collecting container. With the same collecting container volume, about 10 times as much soot can be held, when compared with conventional soot reservoirs.

Abstract: An apparatus for burning solid particles, in particular soot particles, in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines having a combustion chamber and an ignition burner connected coaxially through an overflow opening. The combustion chamber includes an annular cup portion forming a hot combustion chamber that is open toward the overflow opening, and downstream of this hot combustion chamber has a plurality of labyrinthine annular conduits toward which a plunger tube extends centrally toward the combustion chamber, through which tube a flow of exhaust gas carrying the soot particles is directed into the hot combustion chamber. The flow of exhaust gas having the soot particles emerges into the hot combustion chamber through radial outlets transversely to the direction of extension of the ignition flame that is propagating through the overflow opening. The soot particles that are supplied are for the most part burned in the hot combustion chamber, and the remainder is burned in the labyrinthine conduits.

Abstract: A method is proposed for operating an internal combustion engine with decomposition gas generated by gasifying methanol into hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a gasification reactor. The enthalpy necessary for gasifying the methanol is obtained from the heat of the exhaust gas of the engine. To attain high efficiency and high power, the decomposition gas is injected at high pressure directly into the combustion chamber of the engine.

Abstract: A device for the removal of solid particles, particularly soot particles, from exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine includes an electrofilter comprised of a plurality of parallel filter tubes each having a separator tube connected to a positive terminal of a high voltage source and a corona discharge electrode connected to a negative terminal of the high voltage source, and a centrifugal separator formed as a multi-cyclone the cyclones of which are arranged in an axial extension of the electrofilter and are connected to the same.

Abstract: An apparatus for burning solid particles, in particular soot particles, in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines comprising a combustion chamber and an ignition burner connected coaxially through an overflow opening. The ignition burner, to which fuel and combustion air are supplied, has a rotationally symmetrical glow element disposed centrally in a preparation chamber and has a glow plug disposed in a bulge of the preparation chamber. The combustion chamber includes an annular cup-like portion forming a hot combustion chamber that is open toward the overflow opening, and downstream of this hot combustion chamber has a plurality of labyrinthine annular conduits toward which a plunger tube extends centrally toward the combustion chamber, through which tube a flow of exhaust gas carrying the soot particles is directed into the hot combustion chamber.

Abstract: An afterburner for clearing soot from a particle-laden gas stream has a housing centered on an upright axis and having a generally cylindrical upper portion having a downwardly open lower end, and a lower portion tapering toward the axis from the lower end of the upper portion and having at the axis a downwardly closed lower end. An exhaust tube opens at the axis into the upper housing portion above the lower end thereof. A feed tube opening tangentially into the upper housing portion above the lower end thereof introduces the particle-laden gas stream tangentially into the upper housing portion. Thus the soot particles of the gas stream move inertially radially outward and descend in the housing to collect at the lower end of the lower housing portion. An electrical heating element at the axis at the lower end of the lower housing portion burns the soot particles collecting therein.

Abstract: An apparatus for the burning of solid particles, especially soot particles, separated from the exhaust gas from internal combustion engines has a rotationally symmetrical combustion chamber which coaxially adjoins an ignition burner connected with it by a flame transfer orifice. Fuel and air are metered to the ignition burner through an additional-air line and a fuel line and, as a prepared mixture, they are ignited in the ignition burner and enter the combustion chamber through a flame transfer orifice. In the combustion chamber an exhaust gas partial stream enriched with the solid particles is introduced, and, after the solid particles have been consumed together with the additional air put into the combustion chamber, the exhaust gas is then discharged again as cleaned exhaust together with the remaining combustion products through an outlet tube.