Abstract: A continuous process for alkylating an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst in which the alkylatable hydrocarbon is contacted with the alkylating agent in the presence of the catalyst at a temperature and for a time sufficient to alkylate the alkylatable hydrocarbon, the reaction product is separated into an alkylate product phase and a catalyst phase, containing catalyst-soluble oil, the catalyst phase is cooled to maintain a preselected temperature in the exothermic alkylation zone, the cooled catalyst phase is recycled to the alkylation reaction and a predetermined concentration of catalyst-soluble oil is maintained in the catalyst phase by at least periodically heating an alkylating agent to a temperature above the reaction temperature, contacting the heated alkylating agent with one of the separated recycle catalyst, separated rerun catalyst, fresh catalyst or mixture thereof and combining the resultant reaction product with separated recycle catalyst

Abstract: A process for producing high octane DIP (2,3-dimethylbutane) from mixed C.sub.4 olefins comprising the steps of subjecting the mixed C.sub.4 olefines to double bond isomerization, skeletal isomerization, olefin disproportionation, olefin hydrogenation and fractionation to yield DIP.

Abstract: A continuous process for alkylating an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst in which the alkylatable hydrocarbon is contacted with the alkylating agent in the presence of the catalyst at a temperature and for a time sufficient to alkylate the alkylatable hydrocarbon, the reaction product is separated into an alkylate product phase and a catalyst phase, containing catalyst-soluble oil, the catalyst phase is cooled to maintain a preselected temperature in the exothermic alkylation zone, the cooled catalyst phase is recycled to the alkylation reaction and a predetermined concentration of catalyst-soluble oil is maintained in the catalyst phase by at least periodically heating an alkylating agent to a temperature above the reaction temperature, contacting the heated alkylating agent with one of the separated recycle catalyst, separated rerun catalyst, fresh catalyst or mixture thereof and combining the resultant reaction product with separated recycle catalyst

Abstract: The problem of separation of vapors forming a separate phase leaving behind a liquid which then flows at a lower rate is overcome when employing a mixture of vapor and liquid in a heat exchanger by rapidly pushing through preferably on the shell side the mixture of vapor and liquid to prevent substantially formation of undesired separate vapor phase. Preferably, the heat exchanger is disposed vertically, i.e., the mixture of vapor and liquid flows substantially vertically upward. In the now-preferred embodiment the tube bundle is disposed so that the tubes are vertically disposed. Tubes otherwise disposed, e.g., horizontally can also be used.

Abstract: A feed of mixed butenes is subjected to a combination process comprising skeletal isomerization, disproportionation, and appropriate fractionation to yield separate streams of isobutane, normal butane, and isoamylenes which can be dehydrogenated to isoprene.

Abstract: In a dual alkylation system, the hydrocarbon phase from one settling zone is flash distilled to provide the isoparaffin for a second alkylation reactor, resulting in considerable energy savings, yet producing a high quality alkylate.

Abstract: High quality alkylate is produced by HF alkylation of isoparaffins with olefin in a riser-reactor-type cyclic alkylation process by charging the total isoparaffin feed and HF acid catalyst to the inlet of the riser-reactor and introducing separate spaced streams of olefin in decreasing quantities along the length of the riser-reactor under conditions such as to effect high isoparaffin to olefin molar ratios along the flow path thereby avoiding the detrimental effects of unavoidable increases in reaction temperature along the reaction flow path.

Abstract: Isoamylene is produced from isobutane by cracking isobutane, separating a propylene stream and an isobutylene stream from the cracked product, disproportionating the propylene and isobutylene and separating an isoamylene stream from the disproportionated stream. The isoamylene can be converted into isoprene by dehydrogenation. The isobutane can be produced from normal butane by skeletal isomerization. The ethylene produced during the disproportionation can be dimerized and the butylenes obtained can be either reintroduced into the disproportionation reaction or can be dehydrogenated to butadiene. Isobutane removed from the cracked product, as well as isobutane removed from the disproportionated stream, is recycled into the cracking reaction. Hydrogen produced during the cracking reaction can be used either in the isomerization step for converting normal butane to isobutane, or can be used for hydrogenation of acetylenes produced during the conversion of the normal butene to butadiene.

Abstract: A feed of mixed butenes is separated by molecular sieves into a butene-1 stream and a stream comprising butenes-2 and isobutene. The butenes-2 and isobutene are disproportionated to yield isoamylenes. The isoamylenes can be converted to isoprene.