Abstract: A method for measuring component concentration in a sample, the method constituted of: passing light through a sample from a first light source to a first light sensor; measuring a first light intensity of light received at the first light sensor; passing light through the sample from a second light source to a second light sensor at the first light intensity; measuring a second light intensity of light received at the second light sensor; determining an adsorption level based on a difference in intensity from light emitted from the first light source and the second light intensity; and calculating a component concentration in the sample based on the adsorption level and a total optical length of light passed between the first light source and sensor and the second light source and sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed are oligomeric machines for energy harvesting having a first oligomeric module having a first end and a second end, a second oligomeric module having a first end and a second end, and at least one electric generating element. Exemplary oligomeric machines are configured to exhibits stochastic resonance and/or spontaneous vibrations and are configured such that in response to a prescribed amount of energy applied thereto, relative movement occurs between the first oligomeric module and the second oligomeric module in a manner causing the mechanical action of the second oligomeric module on the electric generating element to produce an electrical voltage and/or current.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring nitric oxide concentration in a sample, the sensor constituted of: an ozone source for oxidizing nitric oxide within a sample to form NO2; and one or more light adsorption measurement systems for determining NO2 levels in the sample in the nitric oxide analyzer before and after oxidizing.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to the field of chemistry and provides methods and devices for stimulation of endothermic reactions in gas phase with high activation barriers by nanosecond pulsed electrical discharge. It can be used for, e.g., CO2 functionalization of methane, H2S dissociation, hydrogen and syngas production, for processing ammonia synthesis and dissociation, etc. Some embodiments include methods and devices associated with the stimulation of plasma chemical reactions with nanosecond pulse electric discharge in the presence of gas flow.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are oligomeric machines comprising a first oligomeric module having a first end and a second end, and a second oligomeric module having a first end and a second end; wherein the first end of the first oligomeric module is joined to the first end of the second oligomeric module; and wherein the oligomeric machine exhibits stochastic resonance and/or spontaneous vibrations in a solution at a temperature when the temperature is in a critical temperature range and the oligomeric machine does not exhibit stochastic resonance in the solution when the temperature is not in the critical temperature range; and the oligomeric machine exhibits stochastic resonance and/or spontaneous vibrations in a solution under a force load applied to the oligomeric machine when the force load is in a critical force range and the oligomeric machine does not exhibit stochastic resonance and/or spontaneous vibrations in the solution when the force load is not in the critical range.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a nanomaterial may include a first electrode; a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode by a gap; and a chamber configured to enclose the first electrode, the second electrode, and a liquid. The system may also include a power supply configured to provide electrical energy to at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode; and a pump configured to cause the liquid to flow through the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: In some embodiments, molecular and/or oligomeric machines comprising oligomeric modules are selected and joined so as to exhibit conformational bistability wherein a relative orientation between oligomeric modules may change from a first orientation to a second orientation in response to one or more stimuli.