Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for preparing maleic acid or a derivative thereof, the process comprising a step b) of oxidizing 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and/or cis-?-formylacrylic acid to maleic acid or a derivative thereof by contacting the 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and/or cis-?-formylacrylic acid with molecular oxygen (O2) in the presence of a catalyst. In a particular embodiment, the step b) is preceded by a step a) of oxidizing a furanic compound according to formula I into the 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and/or cis-?-formylacrylic acid, wherein R1 is H, CH2OH, CO2H or CHO and R2 is H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl or O(C1-C6 alkyl), or esters, ethers, amides, acid halides, anhydrides, carboximidates, nitriles, and salts of formula I.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for electrochemically converting a reactant gas, to an electrolyser, to a gas diffusion electrode, to a method for producing a gas diffusion electrode, to a gas diffusion layer, and to the use of said gas diffusion layer and/or gas diffusion electrode. The process comprises reacting a reactant gas at a gas diffusion electrode to form a product gas and/or a liquid product, wherein the gas diffusion electrode comprises a gas diffusion layer comprising a non-porous layer that is permeable to carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide gas, and a porous layer, and the reactant gas comprises carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for electrochemical production of a product in an electrochemical cell comprising an extraction compartment. The extraction compartment comprises a liquid comprising a dissolved polyelectrolyte. The method comprises producing cations at an anode, producing anions at a cathode and transporting the ions through ion- selective membranes into the extraction compartment where the product is formed. The invention further relates to an electrochemical cell for use in the method.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for preparing maleic acid or a derivative thereof, said process comprising a step b) of oxidizing 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and/or cis-?-formylacrylic acid to maleic acid or a derivative thereof by contacting 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and/or cis-?-formylacrylic acid with molecular oxygen (O2) in the presence of a catalyst. In a particular embodiment, step b) is preceded by a step a) of oxidizing a furanic compound according to formula I into 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and/or cis-?-formylacrylic acid, wherein R1 is H, CH2OH, CO2H or CHO and R2 is H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl or O(C1-C6 alkyl), or esters, ethers, amides, acid halides, anhydrides, carboximidates, nitriles, and salts thereof.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the to the electrochemical preparation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by electrochemical oxidation, comprising a first oxidation step of oxidizing HMF to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furan-carboxylic acid (HMFCA) in an electrochemical cell, subsequently a first isolation step of isolating HMFCA, followed by a second oxidation step of HMFCA to FDCA.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the preparation of maleic acid or a derivative thereof. Said process comprising an electrochemical oxidation of a furoic acid compound into maleic acid in an electrolyte solution; and optionally further comprising a step of reacting the maleic acid to the derivative thereof. In an alternative embodiment, said process comprising a first step comprising an electrochemical oxidation in an electrolyte solution of a furanic compound into one or more intermediates; followed by a second step comprising a chemo-catalytic oxidation of said intermediates to provide maleic acid or a derivative thereof.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for in-situ extracting a reduced carbon dioxide product or product mixture in an electrochemical cell, and the use of a three-compartment electrochemical cell for in-situ extraction of organic carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, propionic acid, glyoxylic acid, and/or salts thereof for commercial use. The method of the invention comprises introducing carbon dioxide-rich absorbent into a cathode compartment of an electrochemical cell, applying an electrical potential between an anode and a cathode in the electrochemical cell sufficient for the cathode to reduce carbon dioxide into a reduced carbon dioxide product of product mixture in the carbon dioxide-rich absorbent, thereby providing a carbon dioxide-poor absorbent, collecting reduced carbon dioxide product or product mixture via in-situ extraction into an acidic environment, and wherein the anode is separated from the cathode by more than one separator.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide, and an apparatus for performing the method.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing lactate. The method of the invention comprises electrochemically oxidising a catalyst at an anode, and using oxidised catalyst to oxidise propylene glycol and form lactate, thereby reducing the said oxidised catalyst.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the to the electrochemical preparation of 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by electrochemical oxidation, comprising a first oxidation step of oxidizing HMF to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furan-carboxylic acid (HMFCA) in an electrochemical cell, subsequently a first isolation step of isolating HMFCA, followed by a second oxidation step of HMFCA to FDCA.