Abstract: A method of making a magnetic field concentrator, comprising cold rolling a first metal sample that includes dysprosium to a foil having a thickness of between 20 microns and 60 microns; and further annealing the foil at a temperature of between 1000 and 1300 degrees C., for a period of between 10 minutes and 20 minutes. Preferably, annealing the foil takes place in an oxygen-free chamber, where the chamber is made from a material selected from at least one of molybdenum, tantalum, and titanium. Finally, at least a second sheet of annealed foil is produced, and the first and second foils are laminated together to produce a laminated sheet suitable for use as a magnetic field concentrator.

Abstract: In an electron accelerator, a conductive housing defines a cavity. Photoelectrons are emitted from a photocathode into the cavity when light is applied to the photocathode. Via an opening formed in a wall of the conductive housing, the photoelectrons are output to the outside of the cavity. Coolant is flowed through a flow path formed in the wall of the conductive housing, to suppress a temperature rise of the conductive housing. The wall of the conductive housing is made by a metal additive manufacturing technique in such a way as to produce a flow path that has a gentle trajectory without discontinuities in gradient.

Abstract: In an electron accelerator, a conductive housing defines a cavity. Photoelectrons are emitted from a photocathode into the cavity when light is applied to the photocathode. Via an opening formed in a wall of the conductive housing, the photoelectrons are output to the outside of the cavity. Coolant is flowed through a flow path formed in the wall of the conductive housing, to suppress a temperature rise of the conductive housing. The wall of the conductive housing is made by a metal additive manufacturing technique in such a way as to produce a flow path that has a gentle trajectory without discontinuities in gradient.