Abstract: A dunnage assembly for reducing or preventing movement of items during transportation, is provided comprising first and second panels, arranged substantially parallel and aligned. Each of the first and second panels having least one recess and at least one elongate spacer element received in respective recesses of the first and second panels, such that the at least one spacer element holds the first panel apart from the second panel, and wherein a width of the dunnage assembly between respective first and second panels is configurable by choosing a length of the at least one spacer element.

Abstract: Correlated fragment ions of a molecule are grouped using mass spectrometry with ramps in collision energy (CE). A known molecule is fragmented and analyzed at a plurality of different collision energies using a mass spectrometer. A plurality of variables for a plurality of fragment ions are produced. Principal component analysis is performed on the plurality of variables. A number of principal components produced by the principal component analysis is selected. A subset principal component space is created having the number of principal components. A variable in the subset principal component space is selected. A spatial angle is defined around a vector extending from an origin to the variable. A set of one or more variables within the spatial angle of the vector is selected. The set is assigned to a group, if the set includes a minimum number of variables.

Abstract: A method is provided for mass spectrometry. The method includes generating precursor ions from a sample; transmitting the precursor ions into a collision cell; generating product ions in the collision cell; detecting the precursor and product ions; applying modulation to one or more of the precursor ion intensity and the product ion intensity; and identifying precursor ion and product ion relationships by analyzing intensity profiles defined by the modulation.

Abstract: A method is provided for mass spectrometry. The method includes generating precursor ions from a sample; transmitting the precursor ions into a collision cell; generating product ions in the collision cell; detecting the precursor and product ions; applying modulation to one or more of the precursor ion intensity and the product ion intensity; and identifying precursor ion and product ion relationships by analyzing intensity profiles defined by the modulation.

Abstract: A plurality of scans of a sample are performed, producing a plurality of mass spectra. Neighboring mass spectra of the plurality of mass spectra are combined into a collection of mass spectra based on sample location, time, or mass. A background noise estimate is calculated for the collection of mass spectra. The collection of mass spectra is filtered using the background noise estimate, producing a filtered collection of one or more mass spectra. Quantitative or qualitative analysis is performed using the filtered collection of one or more mass spectra. The background noise estimate is calculated by dividing the collection of mass spectra into two or more windows, for example. For each window of the two or more windows, all spectra within each window are combined, producing a combined spectrum for each of the two or more windows. For each combined spectrum, a background noise is estimated.

Abstract: Correlated fragment ions of a molecule are grouped using mass spectrometry with ramps in collision energy (CE). A known molecule is fragmented and analyzed at a plurality of different collision energies using a mass spectrometer. A plurality of variables for a plurality of fragment ions are produced. Principal component analysis is performed on the plurality of variables. A number of principal components produced by the principal component analysis is selected. A subset principal component space is created having the number of principal components. A variable in the subset principal component space is selected. A spatial angle is defined around a vector extending from an origin to the variable. A set of one or more variables within the spatial angle of the vector is selected. The set is assigned to a group, if the set includes a minimum number of variables.

Abstract: A plurality of scans of a sample are performed, producing a plurality of mass spectra. Neighboring mass spectra of the plurality of mass spectra are combined into a collection of mass spectra based on sample location, time, or mass. A background noise estimate is calculated for the collection of mass spectra. The collection of mass spectra is filtered using the background noise estimate, producing a filtered collection of one or more mass spectra. Quantitative or qualitative analysis is performed using the filtered collection of one or more mass spectra. The background noise estimate is calculated by dividing the collection of mass spectra into two or more windows, for example. For each window of the two or more windows, all spectra within each window are combined, producing a combined spectrum for each of the two or more windows. For each combined spectrum, a background noise is estimated.

Abstract: Groups of correlated representations of variables are identified from a large amount of spectrometry data. A plurality of samples is analyzed and a plurality of measured variables is obtained from a spectrometer. A processor executes a number of steps. The plurality of measured variables is divided into a plurality of measured variable subsets. Principal component analysis followed by variable grouping (PCVG) is performed on each measured variable subset, producing one or more group representations for each measured variable subset and a plurality of group representations for the plurality of measured variable subsets. While the total number of the plurality of group representations is greater than a maximum number, the plurality of group representations is divided into a plurality of representative subsets and PCVG is performed on each subset. PCVG is performed on the remaining the plurality of group representations, producing a plurality of groups of correlated representations of variables.

Abstract: A method for identifying a convolved peak is described. A plurality of spectra is obtained. A multivariate analysis technique is used to assign data points from the plurality of spectra to a plurality of groups. A peak is selected from the plurality of spectra. If the peak includes data points assigned to two or more groups of the plurality of groups, the peak is identified as a convolved peak. Principal component analysis is one multivariate analysis technique that is used to assign data points. A number of principal components are selected. A subset principal component space is created. A data point in the subset principal component space is selected. A vector is extended from the origin of the subset principal component space to the data point. One or more data points within a spatial angle around the vector are assigned to a group.

Abstract: Relative noise is a single scalar value that is used to predict the maximum value of the expected noise at any point and is calculated from the measured signal and a mathematical noise model. The mathematical noise model is selected or estimated from an observation that includes statistical and/or numerical modeling based on a population of measurement points. An absolute noise for a plurality of points of the measured signal is estimated. An array of values is calculated by dividing each of a plurality of points of the absolute noise by a corresponding expected noise value calculated from the mathematical noise model. The relative noise is calculated by taking a standard deviation of a plurality of points of the array. The relative noise can be used to calculate scaled background signal noise, filter regions, denoise data, detect false positives from features, calculate S/N, and determine a stop condition for acquiring data.

Abstract: Relative noise is a single scalar value that is used to predict the maximum value of the expected noise at any point and is calculated from the measured signal and a mathematical noise model. The mathematical noise model is selected or estimated from an observation that includes statistical and/or numerical modeling based on a population of measurement points. An absolute noise for a plurality of points of the measured signal is estimated. An array of values is calculated by dividing each of a plurality of points of the absolute noise by a corresponding expected noise value calculated from the mathematical noise model. The relative noise is calculated by taking a standard deviation of a plurality of points of the array. The relative noise can be used to calculate scaled background signal noise, filter regions, denoise data, detect false positives from features, calculate S/N, and determine a stop condition for acquiring data.

Abstract: Groups of correlated representations of variables are identified from a large amount of spectrometry data. A plurality of samples is analyzed and a plurality of measured variables is obtained from a spectrometer. A processor executes a number of steps. The plurality of measured variables is divided into a plurality of measured variable subsets. Principal component analysis followed by variable grouping (PCVG) is performed on each measured variable subset, producing one or more group representations for each measured variable subset and a plurality of group representations for the plurality of measured variable subsets. While the total number of the plurality of group representations is greater than a maximum number, the plurality of group representations is divided into a plurality of representative subsets and PCVG is performed on each subset. PCVG is performed on the remaining the plurality of group representations, producing a plurality of groups of correlated representations of variables.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, variables are grouped in an unsupervised manner after principal component analysis of a plurality of variables from a plurality of samples. A number of principal components are selected. A subset principal component space is created for those components. A starting variable is selected. A spatial angle is defined around a vector extending from the origin to the starting variable. A set of one or more variables is selected within the spatial angle. The set is assigned to a group. The set is removed from further analysis. The process is repeated starting with the selection of a new starting variable until all groups are found.

Abstract: A method for identifying a convolved peak is described. A plurality of spectra is obtained. A multivariate analysis technique is used to assign data points from the plurality of spectra to a plurality of groups. A peak is selected from the plurality of spectra. If the peak includes data points assigned to two or more groups of the plurality of groups, the peak is identified as a convolved peak. Principal component analysis is one multivariate analysis technique that is used to assign data points. A number of principal components are selected. A subset principal component space is created. A data point in the subset principal component space is selected. A vector is extended from the origin of the subset principal component space to the data point. One or more data points within a spatial angle around the vector are assigned to a group.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, variables are grouped in an unsupervised manner after principal component analysis of a plurality of variables from a plurality of samples. A number of principal components are selected. A subset principal component space is created for those components. A starting variable is selected. A spatial angle is defined around a vector extending from the origin to the starting variable. A set of one or more variables is selected within the spatial angle. The set is assigned to a group. The set is removed from further analysis. The process is repeated starting with the selection of a new starting variable until all groups are found.

Abstract: An animal habitat and display system for housing and displaying at least one animal while selectively restricting access to the habitat is provided by an enclosure with a viewing window supported on a frame by a support element movable relative to the frame between a first position preventing access to an enclosure access panel and a second position providing access to the access panel with the frame being constructed to urge the access panel from an open position toward a closed position when the support element is moved from the second position toward the first position.

Abstract: A bicycle crank comprises a mixture of aluminum and chromoly. The spine comprises chromoly, which serves as a backbone to the crank arm and thereby provides added strength. The body comprises aluminum, which reduces the crank arm weight. The body can therefore be thinner and lighter with the added support provided by the steel spine. In another embodiment the crank arm includes a spine having a crank boss and a spindle boss at opposed ends that are integrally formed with the crank arm. An outer shell includes an elongated member having an inner face having an outer perimeter with a shape approximately coincident with an outer perimeter of the spine The inner face is recessed to admit a portion of the spine and has crank and spindle boss apertures extending through to an outer face. The outer perimeters of the outer shell and the spine are joined together.

Abstract: A bicycle chain for improved endurance includes pairs of substantially identical plates. Each plate has a generally oval shape, with, in one embodiment, a generally centrally located indentation along an inner edge. A pair of plates is orientable with the respective inner faces of the first and the second end portions parallel and opposed. A spacing between inner faces of the first end portions is thereby less than a spacing between the inner faces of the second end portions. A pivot pin extends through the second end portion hole of a first plate through a first end portion hole of a third plate, through a spacer body, through a first end portion hole of a fourth plate, and through the second end portion hole of the second plate, the pivot pin rotatably anchored adjacent the outer faces of the first and the second plates.

Abstract: An animal habitat and display system provided in a frame supporting at least one drawer with first and second air filled environmental compartments separated by a common divider wall capable of conducting heat directly between the compartment environments with each environment having a corresponding selectively operable heat transfer element and temperature sensor that are in communication with an environmental control unit such that, upon receipt of temperature signals from the sensors, the control unit may transmit a command signal to one or both of the heat transfer elements to selectively regulate the temperatures within the compartment environments.

Abstract: An animal display and habitat assembly having a number of modular animal display units coupled together to enclose a common access area, each of the display units including an outwardly facing display frame with a viewing section between opposing upright members and laterally disposed transition members that include first sections coupled to the upright members and second sections projecting inwardly from their respective first sections to provide a pair of door jambs across which an access door may enclose a display compartment or may be opened into the common access area.