Abstract: A crosspoint switch is described that has N inputs, M outputs and an array of (N+X)×(M+X), where N M and X are all positive integers. By providing more than the standard N×M switching elements, it becomes possible to utilise the additional switching elements to provide one or more additional protection pathways to compensate for a failure in a switching element.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the concentration of a contaminant in a fluid includes a measuring chamber in a fluid path, a first source of optical radiation of a predetermined wavelength adapted to direct the radiation through the measuring chamber, and a detector for detecting the radiation after passage through the measuring chamber. The fluid path also has a pump provided to urge a test fluid from a fluid source to the measuring chamber, the test fluid being subjected to containing the contaminant, a fluid processor to process the fluid to change an optical effect of the contaminant, an acid wash to inhibit the effect of precipitation of cations within the fluid path, a fluid bypass to bypass the fluid processor and a valve to alternately direct the fluid to the fluid processor and the bypass.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for the measurement of organic matter in liquid samples. Modulated light is passed through the sample, and the ultraviolet and visible components of the light passing through the sample separated and caused to fall on individual photodetectors. After amplification and demodulation the outputs of the photodetectors are logarithmically amplified and subtracted to obtain the ratio between the two signals.