Abstract: A method for introducing a known concentration of at least one species of ions into the surface or near surface of a substrate can be employed as a calibration technique prior to subsequent surface or near surface measurement. The method involves the introduction of a removable layer onto the surface followed by ion implantation which is performed to provide a known concentration of implanted ion at the interface between the removable layer and the surface. Subsequent to removal of the removable layer, the surface can be subjected to determination of elemental concentrations at the surface or near surface levels by techniques such as total reflection x-ray fluorescence or secondary ion mass spectrometry.

Abstract: An Improved Surfboard Rack is disclosed. The disclosed surfboard rack comprises one or more rack units, to be attached to a substantially vertical surface and separated from each other by a preferred distance "X", depending upon the particular application for the rack. As disclosed the preferred rack unit comprises a base from which protrudes at least one strut member, and with said rack unit may further including a strut retaining portion, attached to the base, and from which each said strut member protrudes. Each disclosed strut member is preferrably canted upwardly from 4 to 20 degrees above horizontal. Also disclosed are strut members that may be permanently or removeably attached to said base and/or strut retaining portion. The disclosed strut members preferrably comprise a rigid core having a cap and a sheath of rope, foam rubber or other material thereover. The preferred base and strut retaining portion could be formed from wood, plastic or other substantially rigid material.

Abstract: The treatment of copper with 5-methyl benzimidazole yields excellent protection from oxidation and/or corrosion of the treated copper body. Additionally, this treatment does not interfere with subsequent soldering of the copper.