Abstract: According to some embodiments, an electrostatic particle accelerator may include an assembly having a motor and support plate; an acceleration tube; one or more stage assemblies each having an alternator coupled to a common drive shaft, a power supply coupled to one of the plurality of electrodes, and an opening to receive a portion of the acceleration tube; a pressure vessel configured to enclose the acceleration tube when the pressure vessel is fastened to the support plate; and a circulator configured to pump high pressure gas into the pressure vessel. The acceleration tube can include an ion source, an extraction assembly, and a plurality of tube segments each having a plurality of electrodes and one or more power connectors attached to one of the electrodes.

Abstract: An improved turbulator unit for insertion in a heat exchanger tube with the turbulator having a plurality of elongated strips of metal each formed of a series of alternating deflection panels successively joined together by substantially triangular bridging portions with the strips being ganged together and anchored substantially on the axis of the tube by alternate ones of the bridging portions and the other bridging sections being disposed adjacent the inner wall of the tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming heat exchanger turbulators from a roll of sheet metal strip stock employs two forming wheels with generally triangularly shaped teeth meshing with one another and one roll being driven about a fixed axis and the other roll being journalled on a second axis parallel to the first and disposed in floating relation thereto with means for adjustably biasing the second roll toward the first. A special tooth on each roll is used to form the turbulator handle and cut-off blades may be included to automatically cut the formed strip into individual turbulators.

Abstract: A turbulator formed of a strip of metal into a series of alternating deflection panels successively joined together by bridging sections with the deflection panels along the length of the strip alternately angling back and forth and simultaneously tilting up and down relative to the turbulator axis is provided to mix and substantially uniformly direct hot flue gases and the like against the internal walls of a fire tube.