Abstract: The present invention relates to laminated materials which are constructed using layers of reinforcing and/or non-reinforcing materials in combination with layers of a composition which is known in the art to provide water-resistant phosphate ceramic materials. In a preferred embodiment, the products are fire-resistant and intumescent when exposed to heat or direct flame, and they produce little or no smoke. Nevertheless, these products are tough, durable and suitable to provide a decorative and pleasing appearance.

Abstract: A reinforced primary backing for tufted pile fabrics is disclosed. The reinforced primary backing comprises a non-woven fibrous capping layer, a reinforcing material layer, and a woven backing layer, said non-woven fibrous capping layer being positioned adjacent one side of said reinforcing material layer and said woven backing layer being positioned adjacent the other side of said reinforcing material layer, said non-woven fibrous capping layer being needled into and extending downward through said reinforcing material layer and continuing into and through said woven backing layer to the outside surface of said woven backing layer.