Abstract: A mass flow controller includes an inlet, a flow path in which fluid passes, a mass flow sensor configured to provide a signal corresponding to mass flow of the fluid through the flow path; a control valve configured to regulate a flow of the fluid out of an outlet of the mass flow controller; and a passive damping system coupled to the control valve and configured to dissipate fluid flow induced vibrations introduced by the control valve assembly. The passive damping system includes a damping pad between a receiver section of a valve base and a diaphragm backer. The passive damping system can also include a damping washer. The passive damping system can include one or more plunger balls between the damping pad and the valve base or one or more wave springs.

Abstract: A mass flow controller includes an inlet, a flow path in which fluid passes, a mass flow sensor configured to provide a signal corresponding to mass flow of the fluid through the flow path; a control valve configured to regulate a flow of the fluid out of an outlet of the mass flow controller; and a passive damping system coupled to the control valve and configured to dissipate fluid flow induced vibrations introduced by the control valve assembly. The passive damping system includes a damping pad between a receiver section of a valve base and a diaphragm backer. The passive damping system can also include a damping washer. The passive damping system can include one or more plunger balls between the damping pad and the valve base or one or more wave springs.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting coal into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of micronized coal, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the coal and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method of converting coal into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of micronized coal, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the coal and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: Coal is processed to produce relatively pure carbon particles of small size by first subjecting mined coal fragments to microwave energy to vaporize the water, mercury, sulfur, and like contaminants and to increase the friability of the coal. Next the fragments are pulverized and then reduced in a jet mill to produce particles of small maximum size and fine particles having an average size of about 20 microns, for use in a power plant or as a fuel for a turbine or diesel engine.

Abstract: A system for allowing vehicles equipped with pneumatic tires to continue operating after a tire failure which would normally cause deflation of the tire employs one or more airbags stored in deflated configuration either about the exterior surface of the rim supporting the pneumatic tire or externally of the tire. The system further includes a container for compressed gases. A sensor connected to the inflated tire to detect sudden deflation releases the compressed gases so as to inflate the airbag to either support the tire or provide an exterior running surface adjacent to the deflated tire. The system may employ a rim with a specially deep drop-center section to allow mounting and dismounting a tire in a conventional manner despite the space in the drop-center section occupied by airbags.

Abstract: A method of converting coal into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of micronized coal, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the coal and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A system for allowing vehicles equipped with pneumatic tires to continue operating after a tire failure which would normally cause deflation of the tire employs one or more airbags stored in deflated configuration either about the exterior surface of the rim supporting the pneumatic tire or externally of the tire. The system further includes a container for compressed gases. A sensor connected to the inflated tire to detect sudden deflation releases the compressed gases so as to inflate the airbag to either support the tire or provide an exterior running surface adjacent to the deflated tire.

Abstract: A system for allowing vehicles equipped with pneumatic tires to continue operating after a tire failure which would normally cause deflation of the tire employs one or more airbags stored in deflated configuration either about the exterior surface of the rim supporting the pneumatic tire or externally of the tire. The system further includes a container for compressed gases. A sensor connected to the inflated tire to detect sudden deflation releases the compressed gases so as to inflate the airbag to either support the tire or provide an exterior running surface adjacent to the deflated tire.

Abstract: Coal is processed to produce relatively pure carbon particles of small size by first subjecting mined coal fragments to microwave energy to vaporize the water, mercury, sulfur, and like contaminants and to increase the friability of the coal. Next the fragments are pulverized and then reduced in a jet mill to produce particles of small maximum size and fine particles having an average size of about 20 microns, for use in a power plant or as a fuel for a turbine or diesel engine.

Abstract: A method of modifying a conventional internal combustion powered vehicle to hybrid electrical form involving modifying the drive train so that the rotor of a motor generator may be connected to the input of the drive train. This may be accomplished by removing an element and substituting a transfer case having driving inputs from both the engine and motor-generator, or by connecting the rotor of the motor generator to an input to the drive train.

Abstract: An exhaust turbine for an internal combustion engine, which may either serve as a compressor for turbocharging or a turbogenerator for a hybrid vehicle, has its turbine surfaces and the internal surfaces of the exhaust turbine housing coated with a catalyst so the exhaust gases are treated to catalytic conversion as they pass through the exhaust turbine. The turbine wheel is equipped with a disk-like slinger at its input end that carries particulate matter in the exhaust outward radially into a particulate trap and combustion chamber formed on the interior of the turbine housing. The combustion chamber is heated by the exhaust gases and artificial heating such as electrical heating may be used to preheat the chamber. The combustion products from the burned particulate matter are added to the exhaust.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle employing an internal combustion engine and an electric drive includes a turbine powered by exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine. The turbine drives a generator which provides electrical power to the electric drive motor and the electrical power storage system for the drive, usually comprising a battery. This exhaust gas energy recovery system may be used with either a serial hybrid system in which the internal combustion engine powers another generator or a parallel system in which both the mechanical outputs of the internal combustion and electric motor are combined to drive the vehicle.

Abstract: A method of converting a conventional internal combustion powered vehicle into a hybrid vehicle and apparatus for achieving that and modifying one of the serial elements of the drive train interconnecting the internal combustion to the driving wheels of the vehicle by providing an auxiliary power connection which allows the motor/generator to provide or remove mechanical power from the drive train during driving operation or regenerative braking. Generators switchingly connected to a vehicle battery and an electronic controller intercede the system relative to the operation of the vehicle and control the motor/generator switching the vehicle engine to apply an electric drive power to the vehicle at appropriate points in the vehicle operation and to drive the generator during braking of the vehicle to recharge the power source. The electric drive power elements are supported on a cross-member added to the vehicle.