Abstract: A highly efficient DC power supply for laptop computers and the like is converted directly off-line from an A.C. or DC voltage source to have a plurality of output voltages closely regulated according to the computer requirements and includes a DC voltage source for operating integrated circuits that is independent of input or output voltage. The line supply, rectified if necessary, is connected to a transformer input and switched “off” and “on” in a pulse width modulated mode at a frequency rate above 1000 Hz and the transformer outputs are filtered through a “buck” stage to permit voltage regulation by pulse width modulation from a very low percentage, which may approach zero, to as much as ninety percent “on-time”, without core saturation.

Abstract: A highly efficient DC power supply is converted directly off-line from an A.C. or DC voltage source to have output current or voltage regulation from a low level approaching zero, up to the level of maximum capacity and has a DC power supply voltage and a DC voltage source for operating integrated circuits that is independent of output voltage or current. The DC power supply voltage is connected to a transformer input and switched “Off” and “On” in a pulse width modulated mode at a frequency rate above 1000 Hz and has the transformer output filtered through “buck” stage, so as to permit pulse width control to as much as 90% “on-time”, without damage to circuit components or load.

Abstract: Apparatus for thermoelectric cooling of an insulated enclosure having a plurality of thermoelectric cooling units, with their cold sides exposed to the enclosure interior, where they are affixed to an array of individual, self-sufficient interior heat pipes through a conductive metal connecting member. Their hot sides are exposed to the ambient exterior and similarly affixed to an array of individual, self-sufficient exterior heat pipes, each set of heat pipes having a stack of fins affixed; interior fins to collect heat and exterior fins to disburse heat.

Abstract: A preferred method for controlling the current output of a D.C. voltage source over a broad range, according to the present invention, switches the current supplied by the D.C. source “off” and “on” at a controlled frequency as it is passed through an inductor, so that the flow is impedance limited and controlled by increasing or decreasing the frequency rate, so as to reduce or increase the current flow and power output available to drive a power dissipating load.