Abstract: Various embodiments are directed to a fluid composition sensor device and method of using the same. In various embodiments, the fluid flow composition sensor is configured to receive a volume of fluid, the fluid composition sensor comprising a housing, a removable fluid flow component, an impactor nozzle, a collection media assembly dock element configured to receive a replaceable collection media assembly comprising a collection media configured to receive one or more particles within the volume of fluid, an imaging device configured to capture an image of at least a portion of the one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor, and a controller configured to determine, based at least in part on the image, at least one particle characteristic of the volume of fluid. The imaging device may be configured to capture the image of one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor using lensless holography.

Abstract: An air/fuel conditioning apparatus for an engine includes an electromagnetic component configured to positively ionize fuel molecules of fuel supplied to the engine. The apparatus further includes an electrostatic component configured to negatively ionize air molecules of air supplied to the engine. The oppositely ionized fuel molecules and air molecules are mixed in a carburetor/fuel injection system of the engine.

Abstract: An air/fuel conditioning apparatus for an engine includes an electromagnetic component configured to positively ionize fuel molecules of fuel supplied to the engine. The apparatus further includes an electrostatic component configured to negatively ionize air molecules of air supplied to the engine. The oppositely ionized fuel molecules and air molecules are mixed in a carburetor/fuel injection system of the engine.

Abstract: A peep sight which enables viewing above and below an intended target includes a body which develops a frame for defining a shaped aperture and a peripheral groove for receiving a bowstring, for mounting the peep sight to the bowstring. The shaped aperture forms a single, vertically elongated sight window which provides a large sight picture to facilitate viewing of the target, especially in low light situations, and which is free of internal structures. In use, the peep sight allows an archer to immediately focus on the sighting pins of the bow, and then on the target, without obstruction.

Abstract: The invention provides polishing pads comprising a deformable polishing pad body and magnetically sensitive particles dispersed therein, wherein one or more properties of the polishing pad are altered when in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The invention further provides a polishing system and a method for polishing a substrate involving such a polishing pad.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing a conductive film that generates an electric current via field emission of electrons, which method comprises incorporating an electrically conductive material into a thermoplastic polymer. The invention also provides a conductive film and a method for generating an electric current via field emission of electrons.

Abstract: Separations processes and apparati capable of purifying thermally sensitive materials at high capacity. An apparatus having a rectification section and a stripping section with the stripping section having a stripping tray with 5 to 50% open area, a pressure drop from 0.02 psi to 0.2 psi and a tray efficiency during operation of the column which is equal to or greater than 20%.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a chemical-mechanical polishing pad comprising a porous polymeric material, wherein the porous polymeric material has a Poisson's ratio less than 0. The invention further provides a method of polishing a workpiece comprising (i) providing a workpiece to be polished, (ii) contacting the workpiece with a chemical-mechanical polishing system comprising the polishing pad of the invention, and (iii) abrading at least a portion of the surface of the workpiece with the polishing system to polish the workpiece.

Abstract: A heat curable protective coating composition for providing barrier protection to a solid substrate. The coating composition comprises an aqueous solution of phosphate ions and nitrate ions and at least one species of metal ion having a valency greater than +1. The metal ions may be selected from the group consisting of aluminum ions, manganese ions, magnesium ions, cerium ions, cobalt ions, chromium(III) ions, nickel ions, iron ions, copper ions, and zinc ions. The composition has a pH in the range from about 0.5 to about 3.5. The composition is substantially free of chromate ions and molybdate ions. A cured topcoat is substantially clear and has a glossy appearance.

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated, continuous process for the removal of organically bound sulfur (e.g., mercaptans, sulfides and thiophenes) comprising the steps of contacting a heavy oil, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and water at a temperature of from about 380.degree. C. to 450.degree. C. to partially desulfurize the heavy oil and to form sodium sulfide, contacting said sodium sulfide with a transition metal in water to form a transition metal sulfide, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. The sodium hydroxide is recirculated and the transition metal sulfide is removed. The partially desulfurized, dewatered heavy oil is treated with sodium metal under desulfurizing conditions, typically at a temperature of from about 340.degree. C. to about 450.degree. C., under a hydrogen pressure of at least about 50 psi to essentially desulfurize the oil, and form sodium sulfide. Optionally, the sodium salt generated can be regenerated to sodium metal using regeneration technology.