Abstract: A process for the production of membranes which contain at least one solid layer on one side of a porous substrate by treating, with a synthesis solution forming the solid layer, that side of the substrate which is to be coated is described, wherein, in the production of the solid layer on the porous substrate, the space which, viewed from the substrate, is behind that side of the porous substrate which is not to be coated is filled with an inert fluid, the pressure and/or the temperature of the fluid being chosen so that contact of the synthesis solution with that side of the porous substrate which is not to be coated is substantially prevented.

Abstract: A license management system which includes a license management facility that determines whether usage of a licensed program is within the scope of the license. The license management system maintains a license unit value for each licensed program and a pointer to a table identifying an allocation unit value associated with each use of the licensed program. In response to a request to use a licensed program, the license management system respond with an indication as to whether the license unit value exceeds the allocation unit value associated with the use. Upon receiving the response, the operation of the licensed program depends upon policies established by the licensor.