Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heating system for an exhaust gas treatment system. The heating system comprises a first heating element comprising a receiving surface for receiving a reductant fluid and a second heating element, which may surround the first heating element. The second heating element may be a thermochemincal or thermophysical device. In a first mode of operation the second heating element is arranged to receive thermal energy from engine exhaust gas. In second mode of operation the second heating element transfers thermal energy to heat the first heating element.

Abstract: A method of making cannabis oil hydrophilic comprising the steps of heating a base oil in the range of 120 to 220° F., adding cannabis oil to create a mixture, blending the mixture at a high speed and adding at least one emulsifying agent to the mixture while blending, and adding water to form the composition wherein the cannabis oil is hydrophilic and is soluble in water.

Abstract: A cannabinoid emulsification comprising at least one emulsifying agent; an aqueous vehicle; a base oil; cannabis oil; and caffeine; wherein the cannabinoid emulsification is bio-available, highly metabolizable and fast acting when ingested by the user.

Abstract: A cannabis infused sweetener comprising cannabis oil; at least one emulsifying agent selected from the group consisting of xantham gum, guar gum, lecithin, carrageen, monoglycerides, natural emulsifiers and organic emulsifiers that are safe for ingestion by humans; and a sweetener; and a cannabis infused elixir comprising cannabis oil; at least one emulsifying agent; a sweetener and flavoring extracts or fruit syrups; both the sweeteners and the elixirs are bio-available, fast acting and highly metabolizable.

Abstract: An engine system includes an electronically controlled compression ignition engine configured to burn diesel fuel and a high ash oil to produce an exhaust with a temperature and NOx to soot ratio as well as a controlled level of ash deposits on the particulate filter of the system. An aftertreatment system is fluidly connected to the engine and includes a diesel oxidation catalyst, a reductant supply, and a diesel particulate filter coated with a NOx reduction catalyst. The soot load density on the diesel particulate filter can be stabilized by oxidizing soot at about a same rate as the compression ignition engine is supplying soot to the aftertreatment system.

Abstract: In one aspect, an exhaust treatment system includes a first particulate filter that has an oxidation catalyst and receives an exhaust stream from an engine. The first particulate filter has a first filter body that defines a plurality of flow-through channels, each open on the inlet and outlet sides of the first filter body. The first filter body also defines a plurality of wall-flow channels, each open on one of the inlet and outlet sides and closed on the other of the inlet and outlet sides. The system also has a second particulate filter that receives the exhaust stream from the first particulate filter. The second particulate filter has a second filter body that defines a plurality of wall-flow channels, each open on one of the inlet and outlet sides of the second particulate filter and closed on the other of the inlet and outlet sides of the second particulate filter.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting urea deposits in an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine is provided, where the urea is introduced into the exhaust pipe in an aqueous urea solution via a nozzle. The apparatus comprises at least one radiation receiver which, in use, is located within the exhaust pipe downstream of the nozzle. The apparatus further comprises an electronic control unit in communication with the receiver, wherein the receiver communicates radiation data to the control unit which allows the control unit to establish whether deposits have formed within the exhaust pipe. A control valve is also provided which controls flow of the solution to the nozzle in response to signals from the control unit. A method of detecting urea deposits in an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine is also provided, as in an automotive vehicle incorporating the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: In one aspect, an exhaust treatment system includes a first particulate filter that has an oxidation catalyst and receives an exhaust stream from an engine. The first particulate filter has a first filter body that defines a plurality of flow-through channels, each open on the inlet and outlet sides of the first filter body. The first filter body also defines a plurality of wall-flow channels, each open on one of the inlet and outlet sides and closed on the other of the inlet and outlet sides. The system also has a second particulate filter that receives the exhaust stream from the first particulate filter. The second particulate filter has a second filter body that defines a plurality of wall-flow channels, each open on one of the inlet and outlet sides of the second particulate filter and closed on the other of the inlet and outlet sides of the second particulate filter.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heating system for an exhaust gas treatment system. The heating system comprises a first heating element comprising a receiving surface for receiving a reductant fluid and a second heating element, which may surround the first heating element. The second heating element may be a thermochemincal or thermophysical device. In a first mode of operation the second heating element is arranged to receive thermal energy from engine exhaust gas. In second mode of operation the second heating element transfers thermal energy to heat the first heating element.

Abstract: An engine system includes an electronically controlled compression ignition engine configured to burn diesel fuel and a high ash oil to produce an exhaust with a temperature and NOx to soot ratio as well as a controlled level of ash deposits on the particulate filter of the system. An aftertreatment system is fluidly connected to the engine and includes a diesel oxidation catalyst, a reductant supply, and a diesel particulate filter coated with a NOx reduction catalyst. The soot load density on the diesel particulate filter can be stabilized by oxidizing soot at about a same rate as the compression ignition engine is supplying soot to the aftertreatment system.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to high efficiency solar still assemblies and their components, and more particularly, to a solar still capable of absorbing direct sunlight and redirected sunlight using a mobile heliostat configured to align the still evaporator, the heliostat and a counter-current heat exchanger with the sun.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine operates on a six-stroke combustion cycle including a first compression stroke, a first power stroke, a second compression stroke, and a second power stroke. A first fuel charge is introduced to a combustion chamber of the engine at a first fuel rate during the first compression and/or first power stroke to produce lean exhaust gasses. A second fuel charge is also introduced to the combustion chamber during the second compression and/or second power stroke to normally produce lean exhaust gasses. Periodically, the second fuel charge can be increased to a second fuel rate to produce stoichiometric rich exhaust gasses. A lean nitrogen oxide trap can be disposed in an exhaust system associated with the engine to temporarily trap nitrogen oxides. Once saturated, the LNT can be periodically regenerated by production of the rich exhaust gasses.

Abstract: A method and system of operating an internal combustion engine on a six-stroke cycle utilizes an after-treatment system to reduce emissions such as nitrogen oxides. The method and system introduce a first fuel charge to a combustion chamber and combusts the first fuel charge to produce a first stoichiometric lean condition. The method and system next introduce a second fuel charge and combust the second fuel charge to produce a second stoichiometric lean conditions. The exhaust gasses are then directed to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst with a reductant agent to reduce the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and water.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine operates on a six-stroke combustion cycle including a first compression stroke, a first power stroke, a second compression stroke, and a second power stroke. A first fuel charge is introduced to a combustion chamber of the engine at a first fuel rate during the first compression and/or first power stroke to produce lean exhaust gasses. A second fuel charge is also introduced to the combustion chamber during the second compression and/or second power stroke to normally produce lean exhaust gasses. Periodically, the second fuel charge can be increased to a second fuel rate to produce stoichiometric rich exhaust gasses. A lean nitrogen oxide trap can be disposed in an exhaust system associated with the engine to temporarily trap nitrogen oxides. Once saturated, the LNT can be periodically regenerated by production of the rich exhaust gasses.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to high efficiency solar still assemblies and their components, and more particularly, a solar still capable of absorbing direct sunlight and redirected sunlight using a mobile heliostat configured to align the still evaporator, the heliostat and a counter-current heat exchanger with the sun.

Abstract: A method of ammonia production for a selective catalytic reduction system includes producing a first exhaust flow and a second exhaust flow. The first exhaust flow has a higher NOx concentration than the second exhaust flow. The method also includes directing a portion of the second exhaust flow to a reformer. The method further includes combining the portion of the second exhaust flow directed to the reformer with the first exhaust flow upstream of an ammonia-producing catalyst.

Abstract: Catalysts, systems, and methods disclosed herein provide for reduced NOx emissions in the exhaust stream of a lean burning engine. The catalysts include two different types of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts (i.e., two different types of catalysts that may catalytically reduce NOx using a reductant). The first SCR catalyst (116) is an SCR catalyst having a composition that produces a reductant (e.g., an HC-SCR catalyst that produces ammonia) and the second catalyst (118) is an SCR catalyst (e.g., NH3-SCR) having a composition that reduces NOx using the reductant produced by the first SCR catalyst (116).

Abstract: An exhaust treatment system is provided having a first exhaust passageway fluidly connected to an engine. A particulate filter and a selective catalytic reduction catalyst are situated within the first exhaust passageway. In addition, the system has a first oxidation catalyst located within the first exhaust passageway upstream of the particulate filter and the selective catalytic reduction catalyst. The system also has a second exhaust passageway fluidly connected to the first exhaust passageway upstream and downstream of the first oxidation catalyst. The exhaust treatment system further has a sensor configured to sense a parameter indicative of an exhaust gas temperature. Furthermore, the system has a controller configured to direct exhaust gas through the first oxidation catalyst when the exhaust gas temperature is below a threshold temperature and direct the exhaust gas through the second exhaust passageway when the exhaust gas temperature is above the threshold temperature.

Abstract: According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of detecting matter within a filtering device includes measuring a metric indicative of a first quantity of matter within the filtering device and removing a portion of the matter from the filtering device. The method also includes measuring a metric indicative of a second quantity of matter remaining within the filtering device.

Abstract: A method of ammonia production for a selective catalytic reduction system includes producing a first exhaust flow and a second exhaust flow. The first exhaust flow has a higher NOx concentration than the second exhaust flow. The method also includes directing a portion of the second exhaust flow to a reformer. The method further includes combining the portion of the second exhaust flow directed to the reformer with the first exhaust flow upstream of an ammonia-producing catalyst.