Abstract: The apparatus (1) includes a frictional heater (2), within which a rotor (3) is utilised, which includes a substantially cylindrical member (4) disposed about a central axis (5). The rotor (3) is rotatably mounted within the frictional heater (2) such that the axis of rotation is co-extensive with the central axis (5). The substantially cylindrical member (4) defines an outer periphery (6) configured, in use, to bear against plastic whilst rotating. To help address various issues that may otherwise arise during operation of the apparatus (1), the outer periphery has a diameter of between approximately 0.2 m and approximately 2.0 m inclusive.

Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing silica microspheres includes the steps of mixing acid and water to form a mixture; adding a silicon alkoxide to the mixture so as to precipitate microspheres; allowing the microspheres to settle into a sediment and removing a supernatant liquid; and immersing the microspheres in acid.

Abstract: A girth strap device is provided which includes an elongate strap or band (1;11) adapted to extend around the chest of an animal and attachments (3;20) for attaching the strap (1;11) to an article, such as a saddle (4) for holding the strap or band (1;11) in tension. The girth strap includes a tension indicator (5;15) which allows a user to apply the strap to the animal at a selected tension. In one preferred construction, the strap (1;11) is formed from layers of alastomeric fabric material, such a neoprene, which can stretch as the animal's chest expands during breathing and movement without causing discomfort to the animal. The device has particular application to racehorses and allows a user to apply a selected tension within an optimum range from about 10 kg to about 12 kg which is sufficient to hold a saddle securely on the horse without excessive tension restricting the performance of the horse.