Abstract: A stapler delivers a fastener so that the legs of the fastener penetrate two abutting portions of fascia from the inside out so that, after penetration, the legs of the fastener are outside the body. The stapler subsequently positions a retainer over the ends of the fastener in order to hold the fascia and fastener in place. Once the retainer is properly positioned, the stapler may trim and capture the ends of the fastener that protrude beyond the retainer to avoid patient discomfort, injury or post-operative complications. A wide variety of fastener and retainer combinations are presented for use in differing environments and conditions.