Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides methods and compositions for controlling blood glucose or weight, including a combination of (i) a therapeutically effective amount of berberine (BBR), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, including dihydroberberine (DHB); and (ii) vitamin B12. The combination effectively ameliorates BBR or DHB side effects, including VB12 reduction, gastrointestinal discomfort, and slowed bowel movements, by promoting transcobalamin II receptors synthesis, decreasing homocysteine levels and maintaining intestinal balance, including short chain fatty acids content, gut microbiota diversity and richness.

Abstract: Glutathione deficiencies and deficiencies in glutathione synthetase activity, and the methods for the treatment thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, compositions (e.g., eyedrop or spongarion composition), and uses for alleviating and preventing age-associated vitreous degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, L-ergothioneine is capable of scavenging chronic reactive oxygen species directly and radically to mitigate and prevent HA depolymerization and HA decreasing-viscosity in the mammal's vitreous body; and/or improving vitreous liquefaction in the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for promoting glycogen synthase activity and augmenting glycogen storage capability in muscle tissue and/or liver tissue in a mammal, relating to administration to the mammal of an effective amount of ?-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, acid, polymer, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for promoting glycogen synthase activity and augmenting glycogen storage capability in muscle tissue and/or liver tissue in a mammal, relating to administration to the mammal of an effective amount of ?-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, acid, polymer, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, compositions (e.g., eyedrop or spongarion composition), and uses for alleviating and preventing age-associated vitreous degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, L-ergothioneine is capable of scavenging chronic reactive oxygen species directly and radically to mitigate and prevent HA depolymerization and HA decreasing-viscosity in the mammal's vitreous body; and/or improving vitreous liquefaction in the mammal.

Abstract: The disclosure provides L-ergothioneine, novel forms of L-ergothioneine, and uses thereof, particularly for immune support and nutrient supplementation. In particular, the disclosure provides a method of improving a mammal's immune response to a microbial infection; an orally administered unit dosage form; and a method of inducing the production of reactive oxygen species in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a mammal.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides methods and compositions for mimicking one or more biological benefits of caloric restriction in a mammal, including administering to the mammal an effective amount of Ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, polymer, acid, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compounds for enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in a mammal or for activating PGC-1? in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-Ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof (e.g., as an active ingredient). Such administration of L-Ergothioneine is also capable of alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and boosting cellular function by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and/or promoting health and longevity by improving mitochondrial biogenesis.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides low-lead and low-arsenic beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) salts, comprising lead ranging from 10 to 50 parts per billion (ppb) and arsenic ranging from 10 to 150 ppb. The present invention also provides methods for preparing low-lead and low-arsenic beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) salts, which may include (a) synthesizing, (b) adsorbing (e.g., by adsorbent and solvent), (c) concentrating under reduced pressure, and (d) spray drying.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) salt granules, comprising BHB salts and fillers. The present invention also provides methods for producing BHB salt granules, wherein the BHB salt granules are prepared by granulation process. The production methods may include (a) wet granulation; (b) extrusion; (c) spheronization; and (d) drying.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, compositions (e.g., eyedrop or spongarion composition), and uses for alleviating and preventing age-associated vitreous degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, L-ergothioneine is capable of scavenging chronic reactive oxygen species directly and radically to mitigate and prevent HA depolymerization and HA decreasing-viscosity in the mammal's vitreous body; and/or improving vitreous liquefaction in the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for providing a mammal with a benefit associated with every-other-day fasting (EODF), or increasing a benefit of losing weight of a mammal treated with every-other-day fasting (EODF), comprising administrating to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of ?-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof. The benefit may include reducing a body fat percentage of the mammal, reducing the weight of the mammal, lowering a blood glucose of the mammal, decreasing a blood triglyceride level of the mammal, decreasing a blood total cholesterol level of the mammal, decreasing a blood low-density lipoprotein level of the mammal, decreasing a blood very low-density lipoprotein level of the mammal, improving leptin resistance of the mammal, and/or improving insulin resistance of the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for alleviating and preventing age-associated visual degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof an effective amount of L-Ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, the administration of L-Ergothioneine is capable of controlling subretinal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) level in the mammal's retina; activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes to scavenge chronic reactive oxygen species and decrease vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in the mammal's retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes by lowering the damage induced by oxidative stress (OS) in the mammal's RPE; and/or inhibiting oxidation-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to prevent epithelial fibrosis in RPE in mammals' RPE.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides for beta-hydroxybutyrate (e.g., R—BHB) acids and/or salts with pure biobased carbon content (e.g., 100% as measured by Carbon-14 analysis). The present invention also provides methods for preparing beta-hydroxybutyrate (e.g., R—BHB) acid and salt with pure biobased carbon content, comprising chemical synthesis and/or biosynthesis process. For instance, the method may include biological fermentation, and/or bioenzymatic process.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides methods for ameliorating and preventing age-associated muscle degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-Ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, the administration of L-Ergothioneine is capable of attenuating the loss of muscle mass and/or strength in the mammal, and is capable of improving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, improving the P/O ratio (ATP produced per O2 consumed), and/or scavenging and blocking chronic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for enhancing muscle function in a mammal, the method includes administration to the mammal of a composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof. The present invention also provides a composition including therapeutically effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, for enhancing muscle function. In addition, the present invention provides methods for preparing any compositions disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for promoting glycogen synthase activity and augmenting glycogen storage capability in muscle tissue and/or liver tissue in a mammal, relating to administration to the mammal of an effective amount of p-a minoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, acid, polymer, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: Coated beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) free acid crystal pellets/granules are provided, which comprise BHB free acid crystal, fillers, and coating material. Methods for producing coated BHB free acid crystal pellets/granules are provided, which may include (a) wet granulation, (b) extrusion, (c) spheronization, and (d) coating, such as coating material spray embedding through Wurster bottom spray coating device.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides a liposome comprising an active ingredient and one membrane or one inner membrane and one outer membrane. Each membrane comprises a plurality of lipid molecules, and the active ingredient is entrapped inside the interior space defined by the membrane or the inner membrane, or embodied in the membrane or membranes and form a part of the membrane(s).