Abstract: Techniques for autocontrastive decoding of a machine learning model are provided. In one aspect, a system for machine learning includes: a multi-layer machine learning model; and an autocontrastive decoding module configured to obtain prediction probabilities from multiple, different layers of the multi-layer machine learning model as data propagates through the multi-layer machine learning model, and aggregate in a contrastive manner the prediction probabilities from the multiple, different layers of the multi-layer machine learning model to provide a final output from the multi-layer machine learning model. The multi-layer machine learning model can be a transformer-based machine learning model. The autocontrastive decoding module can be configured to redistribute a prediction probability distribution of the transformer-based machine learning model by maximizing a difference between log-probabilities of a final layer and one or more intermediate layers of the transformer-based machine learning model.