Abstract: The invention relates to the process of determining an IQ offset, in particular at low intermediate frequencies, in a receiver for electromagnetic radiation, in particular for digital data transmission. The aim of the invention is to provide a simple manner for determining the IQ offset, in particular quickly, reliably, and/or at low intermediate frequencies. According to the invention, this is achieved in particular in that the analog-digital converter is separated from the receiving devices and is electrically connected to at least one resistor by means of a switch in order to determine the IQ offset. While the analog-digital converter is connected to the resistor and not to the receiving devices, digital IQ values are obtained by means of the analog-digital converter. The digital IQ values obtained while the converter is connected to the resistor are used to determine the IQ offset.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks. The object is achieved by a method for detecting a relay attack, wherein radio signals at different frequencies are transmitted between a first and a second object and phase measurements and propagation time measurements are performed on these radio signals, and the change in the phase measurements for a change in the frequency is compared with the signal propagation measurements or their change, and, if a predetermined difference or a difference determined from measurements on the radio signals is exceeded, it is assumed that a relay attack is taking place.

Abstract: Method for determining a first virtual frequency switching time between a first frequency of a first signal emitted by a first object having a first phase progression and a first further frequency of a first further signal emitted from the first object. First virtual frequency switching time is determined as a time at which, at a second object, the phase relationship between an interpolated or received phase position of the first signal and an interpolated or received phase position of the first further signal corresponds to a first phase relationship between the first further phase progression and first phase progression.

Abstract: A design for secure radio authorization systems in respect of a discovery of an attack on a radio authorization system, in particular for access restriction systems, for example for securing radio keys, for example for automobiles. The design can be used in simpler systems and can be combined with the numerous known solutions, such as complex enabling signals, that, from a design point of view, are not dependent on the assumption of limited computing power. This object is achieved by a design in which the focus is not on the direct prevention of an attack, but rather on a determination of whether or not a signal is an original signal of the radio authorization system, specifically with reference to the signal and not (only) with reference to the content encoded in the signal, by checking whether a metric of the spectral distribution lies within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A method for one-sided radio-based distance measurement. The object is to speed up the determination of the distance between a first object and a second object, to enable greater accuracy and/or to enable or improve the determination, even in the event of interference, particularly in the case of one-sided and/or asymmetric interference in the radio connection. The method is carried out largely without radio signals in a transmission direction. The method includes use of a transit time measurement between the first object and the second object to eliminate the ambiguity of the distance measurement; the distance measurement being carried out on the basis of a change in the phase shift, in particular relative to the frequency change, of the signal propagation from the first object to the second object as a result of a frequency change.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for a one-sided radio-based distance measurement. The inventor has ascertained that, surprisingly, between time-synchronized objects, in particu-lar with a phase-coherent frequency change, it is possible to ob-viate the need for a transmission direction. This is achieved by a method for measuring distances between two objects, wherein the two objects are time-synchronized to IO ns or better, a first and/or second of the two objects emits signals at multiple frequen-cies, and the distance between the first and second object is deter-mined. The invention is characterized in that the method includes the process of deciding whether/which signals of the first object or the second object are used, in particular on the basis of at least one estimation or determination of the influence of interference on the reception of both objects.

Abstract: The invention relates to calibrating a device or a system for signal-transit-time measurement or signal-transit-time-measurement-based distance measurement on the basis of at least one phase measurement. A method for calibrating at least one system for carrying out a signal-transit-time measurement where the system is designed, in cooperation with a first object, to carry out a distance measurement on the basis of a phase measurement, at least one first distance measurement to the first object being carried out by means of phase measurement, particularly by phase shifting and/or modifying a phase shift by the frequency, and at least one signal-transit-time measurement or a second distance measurement carried out on the basis of at least one signal-transit-time measurement to or via the first object. The system is calibrated on the basis of at least one signal-transit-time measurement by means of the at least one first phase measurement.

Abstract: A method for radio-based distance measurement in which, between time-synchronised objects, particularly during phase-coherent frequency change, an aggregation of autocorrelation matrices determined for each transmission direction leads to improved fault immunity. This ensures that frequency hopping of a first object followed by frequency hopping of a second object occurs. The method determines between two time-synchronised objects and wherein a first and/or a second of the two objects emit signals at a plurality of frequencies and the distance between the first and the second object is determined. The method includes the formation of a first and a second autocorrelation matrix of the measurements and the aggregation of the first and the second autocorrelation matrix to form an aggregated autocorrelation matrix. The distance between the objects is calculated on the basis of the aggregated autocorrelation matrix.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a distance using a high-resolution method based on signal propagation time measurements. The process of determining distances from wireless signals with a high degree of precision using mathematical methods is known, for example using MUSIC or CAPON or methods such as those from EP 3 564 707, EP 3 502 736 A1, or EP 2 212 705. These methods, however, normally require phase measurements. The aim of the invention is to allow such methods to be used even purely with propagation time measurements. This is achieved in that complex numbers are constructed from propagation time measurements and amplitude mea-surements or power measurements, said complex numbers allowing the use of known methods.

Abstract: A method for determining a distance between two objects with the involvement of a third object. The first object can be an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone. In the method, a first object transmits one or more first-object signals with different first-object frequencies and at least one third object transmits at least one third-object signal. A second object receives the first-object signal and the third-object signal, and on the basis thereof the distance between the first object and the second object is determined. The second object and the third object are clock- and/or time-synchronized. The method includes the feature that the third object and/or the first object switches between at least two frequencies such that phase coherence is maintained or such that the phase jump is known.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a distance between a plurality of objects. The first object can be, in particular, an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone.

Abstract: A design for secure radio authorization systems in respect of a discovery of an attack on a radio authorization system, in particular for access restriction systems, for example for securing radio keys, for example for automobiles. The design can be used in simpler systems and can be combined with the numerous known solutions, such as complex enabling signals, that, from a design point of view, are not dependent on the assumption of limited computing power. This object is achieved by a design in which the focus is not on the direct prevention of an attack, but rather on a determination of whether or not a signal is an original signal of the radio authorization system, specifically with reference to the signal and not (only) with reference to the content encoded in the signal, by checking whether a metric of the spectral distribution lies within a predetermined range.

Abstract: Method for determining a first virtual frequency switching time between a first frequency of a first signal emitted by a first object having a first phase progression and a first further frequency of a first further signal emitted from the first object. First virtual frequency switching time is determined as a time at which, at a second object, the phase relationship between an interpolated or received phase position of the first signal and an interpolated or received phase position of the first further signal corresponds to a first phase relationship between the first further phase progression and first phase progression.

Abstract: The present invention relates to detecting the time of the earliest reception of a signal change. In particular, the method according to the invention allows early detection of the signal change, which significantly reduces the timespan available for an undetected relay attack and can thus prevent such an attack or at least make it significantly more difficult, without the data transmission systems that consist of the transmission technology, such as UMTS, LTE, or Bluetooth, having to be modified for this purpose or ultra-wideband signals being required. The object is achieved in that the earliest time at which there is a statistically significant signal change is selected as the time of the earliest reception, wherein the threshold of the statistical significance is determined from the signal itself.

Abstract: A method and a system for high-resolution measurement of distance between two objects by means of electromagnetic waves is such that measurements are performed in a reliable, simple, and quick manner with low bandwidth and high accuracy even in complicated multipath environments and/or with moving objects. The method includes determination of a supposed distance and/or supposed relative speed between first and second objects from an object of measurement by comparing the object of measurement with a set of stored and/or calculated reference objects of measurement. The reference objects of measurement relate to different distances and different relative speeds, each reference object being associated with a distance and a speed. The supposed distance and/or speed is assumed to be the distance and/or speed that is associated with the stored and/or calculated reference object of measurement that best fits, is closest to, and/or is most similar to the object of measurement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving transit time and/or phase measurement and/or for synchronization in digital transmission systems. According to the invention, at least one first, particularly digital, piece of information in at least one first analog signal is transmitted in encoded form between two objects by means of the transmission system and at least one first sample value of the at least one first analog signal is used to determine a temporal position and/or phase relationship. The at least one first sample value lies in a rising or falling edge of the at least one first analog signal and/or of the at least one first received analog signal, which can be recognized, for example, from the sample value itself and/or the characteristic of adjacent sample values.

Abstract: A method and a system for high-resolution measurement of distance between two objects by means of electromagnetic waves is such that measurements are performed in a reliable, simple, and quick manner with low bandwidth and high accuracy even in complicated multipath environments and/or with moving objects. The method includes determination of a supposed distance and/or supposed relative speed between first and second objects from an object of measurement by comparing the object of measurement with a set of stored and/or calculated reference objects of measurement. The reference objects of measurement relate to different distances and different relative speeds, each reference object being associated with a distance and a speed. The supposed distance and/or speed is assumed to be the distance and/or speed that is associated with the stored and/or calculated reference object of measurement that best fits, is closest to, and/or is most similar to the object of measurement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving transit time and/or phase measurement and/or for synchronization in digital transmission systems. According to the invention, at least one first, particularly digital, piece of information in at least one first analog signal is transmitted in encoded form between two objects by means of the transmission system and at least one first sample value of the at least one first analog signal is used to determine a temporal position and/or phase relationship. The at least one first sample value lies in a rising or falling edge of the at least one first analog signal and/or of the at least one first received analog signal, which can be recognized, for example, from the sample value itself and/or the characteristic of adjacent sample values.

Abstract: A method, device, system and use for determining a distance, location and/or orientation including the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors. A first signal is emitted by a first of the two anchors and is received at the object and by a second of said two anchors. A phase measurement is performed at said second anchor and wherein a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said second anchor is known. A second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said second anchor, and information on phase measurement and distance between said first and second anchors is made available to a computation unit and at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.

Abstract: A method, device, system and use for determining a distance, location and/or orientation including the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors. A first signal is emitted by a first of the two anchors and is received at the object and by a second of said two anchors. A phase measurement is performed at said second anchor and wherein a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said second anchor is known. A second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said second anchor, and information on phase measurement and distance between said first and second anchors is made available to a computation unit and at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.